UNIVERSITY CM-
ILLINOIS LIBRARY
AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
NATURAL HIST 8UBV
FIELDIANA
Botany
Published by Field Museum of Natural History
.
FLORA OF PERU
I. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
AND COLLABORATORS
FAMILY COMPOSITAE: PART III
GENUS MIKANIA - - TRIBE EUPATORIEAE
WALTER C. HOLMES
SIDNEY McDANIEL
July 29, 1982
Publication 1333
FLORA OF PERU
FAMILY COMPOSITAE: PART III
GENUS MIKANIA TRIBE EUPATORIEAE
FIELDIANA
Botany
Published by Field Museum of Natural History
New Series, No. 9
FLORA OF PERU
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
AND COLLABORATORS
FAMILY COMPOSITAE: PART III
GENUS M1KAN1A TRIBE EUPATORIEAE
WALTER C. HOLMES
Institute for Botanical Exploration
Mississippi State, Mississippi
Department of Biological Science
Northwestern State University of Louisiana
Natchitoches, Louisiana
SIDNEY McDANIEL
Institute for Botanical Exploration
Mississippi State, Mississippi
Department of Biological Sciences
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, Mississippi
Accepted for publication November 10, 1981
July 29, 1982
Publication 1333
Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 80-66384
ISSN 0015-0746
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations vii
Mikania 1
Keys to Species 3
1. Mikania angularis 8
2. Mikania aquaria 8
3. Mikania areolata 8
4. Mikania arthroclada 9
5. Mikania aschersonii 9
6. Mikania banisteriae 11
7. Mikania brachyphylla 13
8. Mikania brevifaucia 13
9. Mikania brooksii 13
10. Mikania bulbisetifera 14
11. Mikania bullata 14
12. Mikania carnosa 15
13. Mikania chimborazensis 15
14. Mikania congesta 16
15. Mikania conglomerata 16
16. Mikania cordifolia 17
17. Mikania crassifolia 18
18. Mikania cutervensis 18
19. Mikania cuzcoensis 19
20. Mikania decora 19
21. Mikania desmocephala 21
22. Mikania dudleyi 21
23. Mikania ecuadorensis 22
24. Mikania featherstonei 22
25. Mikania filicifolia 22
26. Mikania glandulifera 23
27. Mikania guaco 23
28. Mikania haenkeana 24
29. Mikania hexagonocaulis 26
30. Mikania hookeriana 26
31. Mikania huanucoensis 27
32. Mikania incasina 28
33. Mikania infesta 28
34. Mikania inornata 28
35. Mikania iquitosensis 29
36. Mikania jelskii 29
37. Mikania juninensis 30
38. Mikania klugii 30
39. Mikania lanceolata 30
40. Mikania lancifolia 31
VI
41. Mikania lasiopoda 31
42. Mikania leiostachya 32
43. Mikania lindleyana 32
44. Mikania lutescens 32
45. Mikania marinii .'. 33
46. Mikania mathewsii 33
47. Mikania mazanensis 34
48. Mikania megalophylla 35
49. Mikania micrantha 36
50. Mikania microptera 39
51. Mikania montana 39
52. Mikania ochroleuca 40
53. Mikania oreopola 40
54. Mikania parvicapitulata 41
55. Mikania parviflora 41
56. Mikania pendula 42
57. Mikania psilostachya 42
58. Mikania pycnadenia 44
59. Mikania rimachii 44
60. Mikania rugosa 46
61. Mikania shushunensis 47
62. Mikania simpsonii 48
63. Mikania speciosa 48
64. Mikania stereodes 49
65. Mikania stuebelii 49
66. Mikania stygia 50
67. Mikania szyszylowiczii 50
68. Mikania tambillensis 50
69. Mikania ternata 51
70. Mikania trachodes 52
71. Mikania turbaricola 53
72. Mikania vargasii 53
73. Mikania violaefolia 53
74. Mikania vitifolia 54
75. Mikania weberbaueri 56
76. Mikania woytkoivskii 56
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1 . Mikania aschersonii Hieron 10
2. Mikania decora Poepp 20
3. Mikania guaco H. & A 25
4. Mikania mathewsii B. L. Robinson 34
5. Mikania megalophylla Holmes & McDaniel 35
6. Mikania micrantha HBK 37
7. Mikania psilostachya DC 43
8. Mikania rimachii Holmes & McDaniel 45
9. Mikania shushunensis Holmes & McDaniel 47
10. Mikania ternata (Veil.) B. L. Robinson 51
11. Mikania vitifolia DC 55
vii
MIKANIA
Mikania Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 1742. 1803. TYPE: M. scandens (L.) Willd. (Eupatorium
scandens L.). Name and type conserved.
Carelia A. L. Jussieu ex Cav., An. Ci. Nat. 6: 317. 1802 (1803), not Carelia G. Pontedera
ex Fabricus 1759. TYPE: C. satureiaefolia Cav. = Mikania amara Willd.
Corynanthelium Kunze, Linnaea 20: 19. 1847. TYPE: C. moronoa Kunze.
Moronoa hort. ex Kunze, Linnaea 20: 19. 1847, nom. nud. pro syn.
Morrenia hort. ex Kunze, Linnaea 20: 19. 1847, nom. nud. pro syn. TYPE: M. odorata
Kunze, nom. nud.
Willoughbya Neck, ex Kunze, Rev. Gen. PI. 371. 1891. TYPE: Eupatorium scandens L. =
Mikania scandens (L.) Willd.
Willughbaeya Neck., Elem. 1: 82. 1790, nom. nud.
Herbs or woody perennials, twining or somewhat shrubby, rarely erect; stems round or
hexagonal. Leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, usually petiolate, simple, entire, toothed
or rarely divided, pinnately or palmately veined. Inflorescence paniculate, the ultimate
segments spicate, racemose, corymbose, cymose, glomerate, or thyrsiform. Heads
homogamous, 4-flowered, rarely 3- or 5-flowered; involucral bracts 4, equal, mostly ob-
long, with or without a fifth outermost one (exterior bract or bracteole); receptacle small,
naked, glabrous; corollas white, pink-purple, green, pale greenish yellow (to reportedly
pale yellow in M. lutescens), tubular, the tube slender, sometimes slightly enlarged at the
base by the enclosed nectary, the throat gradually or suddenly enlarged, turbinate, cylin-
dric, or campanulate, corolla teeth 5, equal, deltoid or lance-linear, usually shorter than
but sometimes exceeding the length of the throat; anthers basally rounded or more rarely
emarginate or obscurely subsagittate, the terminal appendage ovate or oblong; style
branches elongate, clavellate, or filiform. Achenes pentagonal, prismatic or tapering
downward; pappus bristles capillary, numerous in 1 or rarely 2 series, slightly scabrid or
barbellate, rarely smooth, free or very slightly connate into a narrow ring at the base,
white, pale buff, or fulvous.
Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) is well represented in Peru, this present
work recognizing 76 species. This number is only exceeded in Brazil, with five
times the area of Peru, where Barroso (1959) reports 152 species. The Peruvian
species have received no complete taxonomic treatment since the work of
Robinson (1922) on the Mikania species of northern and western South America.
Robinson recognized 37 species, many based upon description alone and
numerous others being superfluous synonyms based upon the premise that one
species was unlikely to occur in two widely separated areas, i.e., a phytogeo-
graphic species concept. Since then most work has consisted of descriptions of
This study was assisted, in part, by National Science Foundation Grant DEB- 79-05078
(Alwyn H. Gentry, principal investigator).
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
proposed species, making determinations difficult, if not impossible, without
comparison with types. This present paper is intended to provide keys, de-
scriptions, specimen citations, and nomenclatural clarification of all known
Peruvian species of Mikania.
This work is the result of herbarium and field studies begun in 1973 and is
part of a continuing effort to revise the entire genus. Material was available
from 20 institutions and we are greatly indebted to the curators of those in-
stitutions for the loan of specimens which included types of most of the Peru-
vian species of Mikania. Two herbaria not included in Index Herbariorum (ed.
6) are Herbarium Amazonense (AMAZ), Universidad de la Amazonia
Peruviana, Iquitos, Peru, and Institute for Botanical Exploration (IBE), Mis-
sissippi State, Mississippi.
Mikania is a well-marked genus of mostly perennial twiners with opposite to
rarely verticillate leaves. Heads are singularly uniform, each possessing four
flowers enclosed by four involucral bracts that are usually subtended by an
exterior bract. This uniformity within the heads is not reflected in the disposi-
tion of the heads into an inflorescence of a secondary nature (capitulescence)
which may be spicate, racemose, thyrsoid, corymbose (including temately
branching corymbs), or glomerate. In this work inflorescence actually r fUB3riJ n to
capitulescence, which has been standard usage in the genus. The nature' of the
capitulescence has been the major basis of segregation of the genus into sec-
tions. These sections are not followed, due to intergradation, and sucrrdivision
is best postponed pending further studies and a treatment of the entiajgenus.
Although the genus is probably one of the most easily recognized^and most
uniform of the Compositae-Eupatorieae, difficulty is often encountered in
specific delimitation. Aside from the large number of species and sparsity of
current works, this difficulty is due, in large part, to several highly polymorphic
species "complexes" that have been discussed by Robinson (1934) and Steyer-
mark (1953). When portions of these "complexes" are examined for a limited
area, they may well appear to be good species. Critical study over a wider area,
however, shows these species to be connected by intermediates. Normally the
major differences encountered concern the type or amount of pubescence and
leaf characters (shape, texture, etc.), which, in one example, have been shown
to vary on the same plant and are highly unreliable for specific delimitation (see
Steyermark, 1953). Among the polymorphic species are Mikania banisteriae DC.,
M. hookeriana DC., M. vitifolia DC., M. micrantha H.B.K. and M. parviflora
(Aubl.) Karst. Certainly more names will be added to this list in future studies.
In these groups, as well as certain others, the species concept followed is similar
to that of the treatment by Steyermark (1953) of M. banisteriae. For further
information on these complexes, refer to the taxonomic treatment.
In construction of the keys, an attempt was made to utilize the most obvious
character, mostly macroscopic, that would separate the species, usually leaf
characters, type of secondary inflorescence, or head size. Between closely re-
lated species, use of a 10 x lens was often necessary, particularly for characters
of involucral bracts and corollas. In this work, the corolla tube is the un-
expanded portion and the throat the expanded portion less the teeth. The
peduncles supporting the individual heads are referred to as "pedicels," which
is common usage in this genus. Leaf measurements are for the blade only,
petiole length is given separately. Heads are measured from the base of the
involucre to the tips of the corolla tube. A conscious effort was made to include
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 3
key characters with little or no leeway in interpretation; however, this was not
always possible. In instances where a character could be interpreted in more
than one way, the species involved should key under both leads.
REFERENCES
BARROSO, G. M. 1959. Mikaniae do Brasil. Arquiv. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16: 239-333.
CABRERA, A. L. 1953. Compuestas Peruanas nuevas o criticas. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 5:
37-50.
HOLMES, W. C, AND S. MCDANIEL. 1979. Notes on Mikania (Compositae) V. Phytologia
41: 183-197.
ROBINSON, B. L. 1920. Further diagnoses and notes on tropical American Eupatorieae.
Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 1-30.
. 1922. The Mikanias of northern and western South America. Contr. Gray Herb.
64: 21-116.
-. 1924. Records preliminary to a general treatment of the Eupatorieae IV. Contr.
Gray Herb. 73: 1-31.
-. 1926. Records preliminary to a general treatment of the Eupatorieae VI. Contr.
Gray Herb. 77: 1-62.
-. 1928. Records preliminary to a general treatment of the Eupatorieae VII. Contr.
Gray Herb. 80: 1-42.
-. 1934. The variability of two wide-ranging species of Mikania. Contr. Gray Herb.
104; 49-55.
STEYERMARK, J. A. 1953. Botanical exploration in Venezuela III. Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 648-
658.
KEY TO GROUPS
1. Leaves parted or divided to midvein I.
1. Leaves entire, serrate, crenate, etc., but not parted to midvein.
2. Heads in subspherical somewhat dense glomerules II.
2. Heads in spikes, racemes, panicles, or corymbs, but not in dense subspherical
glomerules.
3. Heads in spikes or racemes ni.
3. Heads in panicles or corymbs.
4. Heads sessile or nearly so and regularly in groups of 3's at the tips of
branches IV.
4. Heads pedicellate, not in groups of 3's at tips of branches.
5. Leaves palmately veined V.
5. Leaves pinnately or subpinnately veined VI.
KEYS TO SPECIES
GROUP I
1. Leaves 2-3-pinnate, leaflets less than 1 cm in diameter 25. M. filicifolia.
1. Leaves palmately divided; leaflets usually wider than 1 cm 69. M. ternata.
GROUP II
1. Leaves cordate at base.
2. Heads in a congested spiciform continuous or more or less interrupted glom-
erule 28. M. haenkeana.
2. Heads in a very dense subspherical glomerule.
3. Exterior bract ca. Vz the length of the involucre, leaves semicoriaceous, leaf bases
truncate to at most subcordate 15. M. conglomerata.
3. Exterior bract as long as or greater than the length of the involucre, leaves
membranous, leaf bases distinctly cordate 14. M. congesta.
1. Leaves truncate, cuneate, or rounded at base, not at all cordate.
4 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
4. Heads 5-6 mm long, mature cauline leaves 15 cm or more long (mature cauline
leaves absent on many specimens).
5. Leaves distinctly feather veined, inflorescence spicate 48. M. megalophylla.
5. Leaves subpinnately veined from near the base, inflorescence dense, sub-
spherical 15. M. conglomerata.
4. Heads 8-10 mm long, mature cauline leaves usually less than 15 cm long.
6. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, involucral bracts distinctly and prominently
swollen at the base, glomerule somewhat elongate 30. M. hookeriana.
6. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate, involucral bracts scarcely swollen at the
base, glomerule spherical.
7. Corolla ca. 4 mm long, exterior bract ovate, leaf bases truncate
21. M. desmocephala.
7. Corolla ca. 6-6.5 mm long, exterior bract linear (not seen in M. weberbaueri),
leaf bases acute to obtuse.
8. Leaf apices acute to abruptly acuminate, pappus bristles not thickened at
tips 68. M. tambillensis.
8. Leaf apices long attenuate, pappus bristles thickened at tips
75. M. weberbaueri.
GROUP III
1. Leaves verticillate 62. M. simpsonii.
I. Leaves opposite.
2. Leaves clearly palmately veined (at least on mature cauline leaves).
3. Leaf bases distinctly cordate to subcordate.
4. Heads on pedicels ca. 5 mm long 19. M. cuzcoensis.
4. Heads sessile or nearly so.
5. Leaf margins conspicuously serrate, teeth ca. 1 cm apart
56. M. pendula.
5. Leaf margins entire.
6. Heads ca. 5 mm long, in rather dense, somewhat elongated glomerules
28. M. haenkeana.
6. Heads 7-12 mm long, in rather loose elongated spikes.
7. Heads 10-12 mm long 72. M. vargasii.
7. Heads 7-9 mm long 2. M. aquaria.
3. Leaf bases truncate or cuneate, but not clearly cordate or subcordate.
8. Leaves deltoid, hastately lobed at the base, base truncate at insertion of
petiole 52. M. ochroleuca.
8. Leaves ovate or elliptic, not hastately lobed at base.
9. Leaves elliptic, less than 4 cm wide 76. M. woytkowskii.
9. Leaves ovate, 5 cm or more wide.
10. Heads in rather dense, subspherical glomerules, base of involucral
bracts swollen 30. M. hookeriana.
10. Heads in elongated spikes, base of involucral bracts not swollen
2. M. aquaria.
2. Leaves clearly pinnately veined.
11. Upper leaf surfaces scabrous.
12. Heads 8-10 mm long 57. M. psilostachya.
12. Heads ca. 5 mm long 33. M. infesta.
11. Upper leaf surfaces not at all scabrous.
13. Heads distinctly pedicellate.
14. Leaves at most 5 cm long, coriaceous, involucral bracts 2.5 mm long . .
54. M. parvicapitulata.
14. Leaves 6-15 cm long, thin, involucral bracts 3 mm long
20. M. decora.
13. Heads sessile or nearly so.
15. Leaf bases cuneate.
16. Leaf apices rounded to blunt 67. M. szyszylowiczii.
16. Leaf apices acute to acuminate 31. M. huanucoensis.
15. Leaf bases obtuse to truncate.
17. Heads in 3's and 5's at the tips of the branchlets . . .65. M. stuebelii.
17. Heads not in 3's or 5's at the tips of the branchlets.
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 5
18. Mature cauline leaves greater than 25 cm long, heads antrorsely
oriented, not perpendicular to branches of inflorescence
48. M. megalophylla.
18. Mature cauline leaves less than 20 cm long, heads perpendicular
to branchlets or inflorescence.
19. Inflorescence lax, heads remotely spaced on branchlets.
20. Corolla tube 1-1.2 mm long 53. M. oreopola.
20. Corolla tube ca. 2 mm long 38.. M. klugii.
19. Inflorescence dense, heads on branchlets usually less than
5 cm long.
21. Corolla tube ca. 0.5 mm long 36. M. jelskii.
21. Corolla tube 1.0 mm long or more.
22. Leaves elliptic-ovate, plant with dark glandular
punctations on leaves and branchlets, leaf margins
not revolute 26. M. glandulifera.
22. Leaves ovate, lacking glandular punctations, leaf
margins revolute 42. M. leiostachya.
GROUP IV
1. Corolla teeth greater than or equal to the length of the throat 63. M. speciosa.
1. Corolla teeth less than the length of the throat.
2. Leaves lanceolate, ca. 4x or more longer than wide.
3. Plant blackening upon drying, involucral bracts oblong, ca. 8 mm long
66. M. stygia.
3. Plant not blackening upon drying, involucral bracts spatulate, ca. 3 mm long. . .
39. M. lanceolata.
2. Leaves ovate, oblong, or elliptic, less than 3x longer than wide.
4. Leaf bases conspicuously decurrent upon petiole 27. M. guaco.
4. Leaf bases truncate, obtuse or acute to shortly cuneate, but not at all con-
spicuously decurrent upon the petiole.
5. Inflorescence a panicle 65. M. stuebelii.
5. Inflorescence a corymb or heads in a somewhat dense subspherical
glomerule.
6. Inflorescence a very dense corymb, appearing as a rather dense sub-
spherical glomerule 68. M. tambillensis.
6. Inflorescence a more or less lax corymb.
7. Petioles at most 5-6 mm long.
8. Leaves densely punctate with reddish-orange glands, involucral
bracts ca. 6.5 mm long 58. M. pycnadenia.
8. Leaves at most puberulent, not punctate with reddish-orange
glands, involucral bracts ca. 4.5 mm long 9. M. brooksii.
7. Petioles 10 mm or more long.
9. Stem somewhat hexagonal, exterior bract ovate, petiolate, ca. V4 or
less the length of the involucre 29. M. hexagonocaulis.
9. Stems terete, exterior bract obovate, somewhat petiolate, ca. Vz or
more the length of the involucre 55. M. parviflora.
GROUP V
1. Inflorescence paniculate.
2. Leaf bases cordate to hastate.
3. Heads 4-5 mm long, in rather dense somewhat elongate spikes
28. M. haenkeana.
3. Heads 7-10 mm long, inflorescence lax, not at all spicate.
4. Corolla throat campanulate, teeth about as long as throat ... .74. M. vitifolia.
4. Corolla throat salverform-funnelform, teeth ca. 3x as long as throat
1. M. angularis.
2. Leaf bases cuneate to subtruncate.
5. Corolla teeth shorter than throat.
6 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
6. Heads sessile, in rather dense somewhat elongated spikes, involucral bracts
swollen at base 30. M. hookeriana.
6. Heads with pedicels 2-6 mm long, in open panicles, involucral bracts not
swollen at base 71. M. turbaricola.
5. Corolla teeth longer than throat.
7. Exterior bract about as long as involucre, branches of inflorescence gla-
brate 34. M. inornata.
7. Exterior bract ca. Vz as long as involucre, branches of inflorescence crisped-
puberulent 32. M. incasina.
1. Inflorescence corymbose.
8. Leaf bases cuneate, truncate, obtuse, but not distinctly cordate or subcordate.
9. Leaves broadly ovate, greater than 5 cm long.
10. Heads 12-14 mm long 17. M. crassifolia.
10. Heads 8-9 mm long.
11. Leaves entire 43. M. lindleyana.
11. Leaves denticulate 45. M. marinii.
9. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, less than 5 cm long.
12. Leaf bases rounded, exterior bract as long as the involucre, leaves prom-
inently reticulate-areolate 51. M. montana.
12. Leaf bases acute, exterior bract 2 as long as the involucre, leaves not prom-
inently reticulate-areolate 12. M. carnosa.
8. Leaf bases definitely cordate to subcordate.
13. Stems distinctly hexagonal.
14. Angles of stem riblike, not winged, plants tomentose to tomentulose
16. M. cordifolia.
14. Angles of stem with narrow subherbaceous wings, plants glabrate to pu-
berulent 50. M. microptera.
13. Stems terete, quadrangular, multistriate, costate, but not distinctly hexagonal.
15. Leaves less than 1 cm long 7. M. brachyphylla.
15. Leaves greater than 1 cm long, usually 3 cm or more.
16. Corolla teeth greater than or about equaling the length of the throat.
17. Inflorescence lax, pedicels 5-15 mm long, exterior bract borne well
beneath head 47. M. mazanensis.
17. Inflorescence not lax, pedicels less than 5 mm long, exterior bract
borne at summit of pedicel.
18. Leaves triangular, corolla teeth ca. 3x or more as long as
throat 8. M. brevifaucia.
18. Leaves broadly ovate, corolla teeth about as long as the
throat 59. M. rimachii.
16. Corolla teeth less than the length of the throat.
19. Heads 4-7 mm long.
20. Plant velutinous, pappus bristles 20-22, smooth
23. M. ecuadorensis.
20. Plant glabrate to puberulent, not velutinous, pappus bristles
30-35, barbellate 49. M. micrantha.
19. Heads 10-16 mm long.
21. Leaves 5 cm or less long, triangular, margins dentate, heads
10-11 mm long.
22. Leaves membranous, not glandular, stems not purplish
44. M. lutescens.
22. Leaves subcoriaceous to somewhat fleshy, glandular, stems
purplish 73. M. violaefolia.
21. Leaves greater than 5 cm long, margins entire to serrate or den-
tate, heads 12-16 mm long.
23. Corolla teeth less than 1 mm long 3. M. areolata.
23. Corolla teeth 1.5 mm or more long.
24. Leaves coarsely dentate, corolla tube ca. 1.5 mm long,
throat ca. 6.5 mm long 18. M. cutervensis.
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 7
24. Leaves serrate-crenate, corolla tube and throat about
equal in length (ca. 5 mm) 13. M. chimborazensis.
GROUP VI
1. Inflorescence corymbose.
2. Heads 12-13 mm long, leaves ovate with cordate bases, stems densely puberu-
lent 24. M. featherstonei.
2. Heads 8-10 mm long, leaves lanceolate with cuneate to obtuse bases, stems gla-
brous to villous when young.
3. Inflorescence a rather dense corymb, leaf apices long attenuate
75. M. weberbaueri.
3. Inflorescence an open corymb, leaf apices acuminate 5. M. aschersonii.
1. Inflorescence paniculate.
4. Corolla throat ca. 2x as long as teeth or tube and throat indistinguishable.
5. Leaves at most ca. 1.5 cm long, margins crenate-serrate, plants densely reddish
pubescent 4. M. arthroclada.
5. Leaves usually 3 cm or more long, margins not crenate-serrate, plant not reddish
pubescent.
6. Involucral bracts 5 mm or more long.
7. Leaves coriaceous, margins revolute, often coarsely and irregularly ser-
rate, achenes densely glandular 71. M. turbaricola.
7. Leaves membranous, margins entire, achenes nonglandular.
8. Leaf bases rounded to truncate, corolla throat campanulate, teeth del-
toid 35. M. iquitosensis.
8. Leaf bases cuneate, corolla throat and tube indistinguishable, teeth
lanceolate 61. M. shushunensis.
6. Involucral bracts 4.5 mm or less long (usually less than 4 mm long).
9. Corolla tube 1 mm or less long, ca. V* the length of the throat, leaves
scabrid above 64. M. stereodes.
9. Corolla tube longer than 1 mm, ca. % the length of the throat, leaves
smooth above.
10. Leaf bases acuminate 46. M. mathewsii.
10. Leaf bases cordate (bracteal leaves subcordate to truncate)
22. M. dudleyi.
4. Corolla throat ca. the same length as the teeth.
11. Involucral bracts 4-4.5 mm long.
12. Leaves lanceolate, margins prominently callose-denticulate
40. M. lancifolia.
12. Leaves ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, margins entire or at most remotely and
obscurely callous-denticulate.
13. Involucral bracts glabrate, apices rounded, exterior bract ovate, borne
slightly beneath the involucre 6. M. banisteriae.
13. Involucral bracts pilose-hispid, tawny pilose, tomentose, or villous;
apices acute to rounded; exterior bract linear to lanceolate to oblong,
bome at the summit of pedicel.
14. Stems somewhat hexagonal 60. M. rugosa.
14. Stems terete.
15. Stems scabrous 70. M. trachodes.
15. Stems lanate to tomentose.
16. Heads 9-10 mm long, exterior bract narrowly ovate
10. M. bulbisetifera.
16. Heads 7-8 mm long, exterior bract linear to oblanceolate . .
11. M. bullata.
11. Involucral bracts 3-3.5 mm long.
17. Corolla tube abruptly expanded into a broadly campanulate throat, cauline
leaves with cordate bases 41. M. lasiopoda.
17. Corolla tube gradually expanded into a turbinate throat, cauline leaves with
rounded to obtuse bases 37. M. juninensis.
8 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
1. Mikania angularis H. & B., PL Aeq. 2: 87. 1809. TYPE: Ecuador, Loja, near
Gonzanama, Humboldt & Bonpland 3434 (P, holotype, not seen, F, photo).
M. laxa DC, Prodr. 5: 200. 1836. TYPE: Peru, Cuchero, Poeppig 1218 (G-DC, holotype,
not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 822: I. 5; F, photo).
M. armigera Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. Spec. PI. 3: 52. 1845. TYPE: Peru,
Pampayaco, Poeppig D (W, holotype, not seen, GH, photo; F, isotype).
Not including M. salviaefolia Gardn. considered synonymous with M. armigera by
Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6(2): 250. 1876.
Somewhat woody twiners; stems terete, glabrate to somewhat rusty-puberulent.
Leaves triangular-hastate, to ca. 13 cm long and 13 cm wide, margins entire, apices acute
to acuminate, bases subtruncate to cordate, with 2 divergent acute to acuminate basal
angles at the sides, surfaces glabrate to somewhat puberulent, 3-5-nerved from the base;
petioles 5-8 cm long, slender, puberulent. Inflorescence a panicle, to ca. 30 cm long;
branchlets weakly angular, rusty puberulent; pedicels 2-5 mm long, rusty puberulent.
Heads 9-10 mm long; exterior bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. Va the length of the involucre;
involucral bracts oblong, ca. 6mm long, glabrate, apices rounded; corollas 5-5. 5 mm long,
white, tube ca. 3.5 mm long, thin, throat abruptly expanded, ca. 0.3 mm long, teeth
ovate-oblong, 1.5-1.7 mm long. Achenes ca. 2.7 mm long, grayish brown, angles up-
wardly scabrid; pappus bristles 30-35, white, ca. 5 mm long, barbellate, thickened at the
tips.
Mikania angularis, of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, is very similar to M.
viti folia, but with corolla teeth 3x or more the length of the throat. Mikania
vitifolia has corolla teeth about the same length as the throat. Comparison of M.
laxa with M. angularis showed the two to be conspecific (see Holmes &
McDaniel, 1979).
CUZCO. Paucartambo: Piuipiui, 720 m, Vargas 17793 (US). HUANUCO.
Huamalies: Monzon River, Weberbauer 3640 (GH). JUNIN. La Merced,
Hacienda Schunke, Macbride 5290 (F, GH, US).
2. Mikania aquaria B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 21. 1924. TYPE: Peru,
Junin, La Merced, Macbride 5242 (F, holotype).
Robust lianas; stems twisted, costate, hollow, glabrous, internodes to 20 cm or more.
Leaves ovate, to 20 cm long and 16 cm wide, margins entire, apices acute, bases cordate,
upper surfaces glabrous, 5-7-nerved from the base, lower surfaces pilose; petioles to 7 cm
long, glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, the heads in spikes; ultimate branchlets angled,
puberulent. Heads ca. 7 mm long, sessile to shortly pedicellate; exterior bract narrowly
ovate, ca. Vz the length of the involucre, glabrate, apices acute; involucral bracts elliptic to
oblong, ca. 3.5 mm long, glabrate to sparingly puberulent, 3-5-nerved, apices rounded,
bases somewhat expanded and flattened; corollas ca. 4 mm long, white, tube 2-2.5 mm
long, slightly enlarged at the base, throat turbinate-subcylindric, 1-1.5 mm long, teeth
narrowly triangular, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes ca. 3.5 mm long, somewhat glandular,
black with white ribs; pappus bristles ca. 35, white, ca. 4 mm long, barbellate, slightly
thickened at the tips.
Mikania aquaria, endemic to Peru, is well marked by its large ovate leaves
with cordate bases and costate, hollow stems. The stems of this species are
reported to be water filled.
HUANUCO. Vicinity of Tingo Maria, S of bridge over Rio Chinchao on
Huanuco-Tingo Maria Road, Mathias & Taylor 5904 (F). JUNfN. Near La
Merced, Soukup 2509 (US). LORETO. Boqueron del Padre Abad, along Rio
Chino, 300 m, Woytkowski 34388 (F).
3. Mikania areolata Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 37: 467. 1977. TYPE: Peru,
Amazonas, Cerros Calla Calla, 45 km above Balsas, midway on road to
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 9
Leimebamba, 3,100 m, June 19, 1964, Hutchison & Wright 5754 (F, holotype;
MO, isotype).
Lianas; stems terete, costate-sulcate after drying, finely puberulent, especially at the
nodes, internodes to 20 cm long, nodes slightly enlarged. Leaves ovate, ca. 8 cm long and
6 cm wide, margins entire to somewhat obscurely and remotely serrate, apices acute,
bases cordate, upper surfaces puberulent, palmately 5-7-nerved from the base, nerves
puberulent, lower surfaces puberulent-pilose, especially on the nerves, lighter than
above, all veins exserted, tertiary veins forming areolae; petioles ca. 4 cm long, puberu-
lent, opposite petioles connected by. a lacerate, puberulent stipule-like enation. In-
florescence corymbose, ca. 6 cm long and 10 cm wide, bracteal leaves similar to cauline,
only smaller; branchlets puberulent, branching trichotomously, heads usually disposed
in 3's; pedicels 2-5 mm long. Heads 12-13 mm long; exterior bracts obovate, 6-7 mm long,
somewhat pilose, apices rounded, bases cuneately narrowed into a petiole-like structure,
3-5-nerved, ciliolate, borne at the top of the pedicel; involucral bracts ca. 10 mm long,
puberulent, densely so at the tips, greenish, appearing to have lavender tips, apices
rounded; corollas ca. 6 mm long, pale greenish-yellow; tube ca. 3.5 mm long; throat
campanulate, ca. 2 mm long; teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes ca. 4.5 mm long,
black, ribs white; pappus bristles 90-100, whitish, ca. 5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania areolata, known only from the type, superficially resembles M. cor-
difolia in habit, but may be distinguished by its terete rather than hexagonal
stems of the latter species. The heads are also considerably larger, 12-14 mm
long.
4. Mikania arthroclada B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 80: 34. 1928. TYPE:
Peru, Cuzco, above Cosnipata, between Tambos Trescruces and Tambamayo,
2,500-2,600 m, May 7, 1912, Weberbauer 6972 (F, holotype, GH, photo; G,
isotype, not seen).
Twining shrubs; stems terete, densely fulvous-tomentulose, internodes to 6 cm long,
nodes conspicuous, the internodes of branching stems leading to the inflorescence very
short, 0.5-0.9 cm long. Leaves ovate-oblong, to 2 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, apices acute,
margins serrate to vaguely crenate, bases cuneate, upper surfaces glandular-pubescent,
pinnately nerved with secondary nerves separating near the base, lower surfaces some-
what glandular-pubescent; petioles 2-5 mm long, puberulent. Inflorescence paniculate;
branchlets somewhat hexagonal, fulvous-tomentulose; pedicels 1-2 mm long, fulvous-
tomentulose. Heads 4.5-5 mm long; exterior bracts linear, ca. Vz the length of the in-
volucre, borne at the base of the pedicel; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 3.5 mm long,
glandular, puberulent, margins ciliolate; corollas ca. 2.5 mm long, white, tube ca. 1 mm
long, throat ca. 1 mm long, gradually expanded, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes
ca. 2.5 mm long, brownish; pappus bristles ca. 45, white, ca. 3 mm long.
Mikania arthroclada, known only from the type material, is readily identified
by its small leaves with coarsely serrate to somewhat crenate margins, dense
fulvous-tomentulose indument, short internodes, and very prominent nodes
from which the leaves appear to be early deciduous (especially from the lower
nodes).
5. Mikania aschersonii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 577. 1901. TYPE: Colom-
bia, Cauca, western slope of the Andes of Popayan, Lehmann 5979 (B,
holotype, destroyed; F, isotype). Figure 1.
M. aschersonii var. indula B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 47. 1926. TYPE: Peru,
Junin, La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, August 27-September 1, 1923, Macbride 5777
(F, holotype; GH, isotype).
Twining vines; stems striate-sulcate, glabrate to villous (when young), internodes to 11
cm or more. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, to ca. 10 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, margins entire,
apices acuminate, bases cuneate, upper and lower leaf surfaces glabrous, veins exserted;
10
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
= 2 nun
FIG. 1. Mikania aschersonii Hieron. A, habit; B, head; C, flower. (After McDaniel &
Rimachi 22032 [IBE].)
petioles 0.5-2 cm long, glabrous. Inflorescence corymbose; branchlets terete, villous to
glandular-pubescent; pedicels 1-2 mm long, glandular-pubescent. Heads ca. 8 mm long;
exterior bracts elliptic to ovate, ca. 4 mm long, apices acute; involucral bracts oblong,
5-6.5 mm long, glabrate to glandular-pubescent especially toward the acute apex, bases
somewhat enlarged or swollen; corollas ca. 4.5 mm long, tube ca. 1 mm long, throat
subcylindric ca. 2.9 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.6 mm long. Achenes ca. 3 mm long,
dark; pappus bristles 50-60, reddish, 4-4.5 mm long, slender, barbellate.
Mikania aschersonii is known from Peru and Colombia. Characters that may
be used to identify this species include the oblong involucral bracts with
slightly enlarged bases, somewhat in the manner of M. hookeriana, and corollas
with a very short tube, about 1 mm long, with a subcylindric throat.
CUZCO. Quispicanchis: Entre Inambari y 15 Mil, 500-600 m, Vargas 16519
(US), La Concepcion, ca. 10.5 km NE Hacienda Luisiana and Apurimac River,
Dudley 10559 (MO, US). HUANUCO. SW slope of Rio Llula, Pichis watershed
on the ascent of Cerros del Sira, Dudley 13102 (US). JUNfN. Chanchamayo
Valley, 1,500 m, Schunke s. n. (F). SAN MARTfN. Near Moyobamba, 1,100 m,
Klug 3679 (F, GH, MO, US), Mariscal Caceres: Quebrada Luis Salas 15 km NE
Puerto Pizana, 350-370 m, Schunke V. 6649 (MO). DPTO. UNKNOWN: Yanano,
6,000 ft, Macbride 3775 (F, GH, US), Tambo de Vaca, 1,300 ft, Macbride 4906 (F,
GH), Huacachi, estacion near Muna, 6,500 ft, Macbride 4151 (F, GH, US).
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 11
6. Mikania banisteriae DC., Prodr. 5: 193. 1836. TYPE: Brasil, 1834, Poeppig 135
(G-DC, holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 819: II. 3; F, isotype).
M. lanuginosa DC., Prodr. 5: 201. 1836. TYPE: Brasil, Slo Paulo, n. miss. 425 (G-DC,
holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 819: II. 8).
M. caudata Benth., PI. Hartw. 201. 1845. TYPE: Colombia, in sylvis prope Guaduas,
Bogota, Hartweg 1112 (K, holotype, not seen).
M. ruiziana Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 3: 53. 1845. TYPE: Peru,
Cuchero, Poeppig 1475 (W, holotype, not seen; B, not seen, F, isotypes).
M. ruiziana var. lehmanniana Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 45. 1894. TYPE: Colombia,
near Dolores, Tolima, 1,000-1,800 m, Lehmann 7483 (K, holotype, not seen; F,
isotype).
Willoughbya ferruginea Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 58. 1896. TYPE: Bolivia,
Guanai-Tipuani, Bang 1419 (NY, holotype; F, US not seen, isotypes).
W. hirsutissima Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 58. 1896, not W. hirsutissima Ktze.,
Rev. Gen. 1: 372. 1891. TYPE: not located.
M. antioquiensis Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 580. 1901. TYPE: Colombia, prope Santa
Domingo Cancan et Amalfi, 1,500-2,000 m, Lehmann 7971 (US, holotype; F, isotype).
M. ferruginea (Rusby) Rusby ex Buchtien, Contr. Fl. Boliv. 1: 190. 1910.
M. hirsutissima Buchtien, Contr. Fl. Boliv. 1: 190. 1910, notM. hirsutissima DC., Prodr. 5:
200. 1836. TYPE: not seen.
M. macbridei B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 27. 1924. TYPE: Peru, Junin, La
Merced, Hacienda Schunke, 4,000 ft, August 27-September 1, 1923, Macbride 5728 (F,
holotype; GH, isotype).
M. antioquiensis var. subcuneata B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 32. 1934. TYPE:
Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, trail to San Juan, Mexia 6492 (GH, holotype; US, F, NO, PH,
isotypes).
M. almagroi Cuatr. An. Univ. Madrid 4: 233. 1935. TYPE: Ecuador, San Jose, Isern 368
(MA, holotype, not seen, F, fragm.).
M. skutchii Blake, Brittonia 2: 333. 1937. TYPE: Costa Rica, El General, 1,130 m, Skutch
2514 (US, holotype).
M. canaquensis Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 9: 132. 1944. TYPE: Venezuela,
Canagua, Merida, Badillo 562 (VEN, holotype, not seen).
M. bergantinensis Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 10: 304. 1946. TYPE: Venezuela,
Anzoatequi, Cerro Peonia, Steyermark 61540 (VEN, holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
M. kavanaeyensis Badillo, I.e. 300. TYPE: Venezuela, Bolivar, Gran Sabana, between
Mission of Santa Teresita de Kavanayen NW to Rio Karuai, Steyermark 59374 (VEN,
holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
M. meridana Badillo, I.e. 303. TYPE: Venezuela, Merida, Montana de San Jacinto,
Steyermark 56667 (VEN, holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
M. molinensis Badillo, I.e. 296. TYPE: Venezuela, Merida, near El Molino, between
Canagua and Sta. Cruz de Mora, Badillo 610 (VEN, holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
M. oniaensis Badillo, I.e. 297. TYPE: Venezuela, Merida, along Rio Onia, near Bolero, N
of Mesa Bolivar, Steyermark 56736 (VEN, holotype, not seen).
M. ptaretepuiensis Badillo, I.e. 302. TYPE: Venezuela, Bolivar, Ptaretepuf, Steyermark
59936 (VEN, holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
M. banisteriae DC. f. lanuginosa (DC.) Steyermark, Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 657. 1953.
M. banisteriae f. lehmanniana (Hieron.) Steyermark, Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 657. 1953.
M. banisteriae f. subglabra (B. L. Robinson) Steyermark, Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 657. 1953.
Coarse lianas; stems terete, striate, normally villous to densely tomentose, rarely nearly
glabrous, intemodes to 25 cm or more. Leaves narrowly to widely ovate, to ca. 20 cm long
and 10 cm wide, apices acute to acuminate, bases cordate to truncate, margins entire to
somewhat dentate, upper surfaces villous to tomentose, rarely glabrate, pinnately to
subpalmately nerved, lower surfaces lighter than above, villous to tomentose; petioles to
ca. 2 cm long, normally villous to tomentose. Inflorescence a large panicle; branchlets
villous to tomentose to hirtellous; pedicels to ca. 4 mm long, densely pubescent. Heads
7-9 mm long; exterior bracts ovate to obovate, ca. the same length as the involucre,
glabrate to lightly pubescent with long, straight hairs, normally borne slightly below the
involucre; involucral bracts ovate to oblong, 4-5 mm long, the outer pair pubescent with
long hairs, the inner pair glabrate, or all nearly glabrate, apices rounded, the inner
12 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
surfaces generally pearly white; corollas 4.5-5 mm long, tube ca. 2x the length of the
throat, throat broadly campanulate, teeth triangular, about the same length as the throat.
Achenes 3-4 mm long; pappus bristles 40-50, white, 5-6 mm long, barbellate, often
slightly thickened toward the tips.
Mikania banisteriae is known from Mexico throughout Central America to and
including northern South America to Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. This species, as
noted by the extensive synonymy, is highly variable and very widespread. A
broad species concept, as applied by Steyermark (1953), is followed in this
treatment. The primary differences in the proposed species (synonyms) involve
leaf shape and kind and amount of pubescence, which, as Steyermark has
shown, may vary on the same plant, and thus are totally unreliable for species
delimitation. Reliable characters that can be used to identify this species, re-
gardless of leaf shape and pubescence, include the large paniculate, rather
dense inflorescence.
The plants designated as Mikania rugosa, M. bullata, and M. trachodes by
Robinson (1920, 1924), although very nearM. banisteriae, are herein regarded as
distinct. For further information see those species in this work or Holmes &
McDaniel (1979). Worthy of special mention is M. macbridei, which is, according
to Robinson (1924), a well-marked species. It appears, upon examination of the
type, that this name is based upon a specimen of M. banisteriae with all but the
younger leaves covered with a fungal mycelium. It is identical in all other
respects with that species. For further amplification see Holmes & McDaniel
(1979).
AMAZONAS. Bongara: 2-4 km WSW of Pomacocha, 2,200-2,400 m, Wurdack
834 (US). ANCASH. Pampayacu, Kanehira 250 (US). CUZCO. Convencion: El
Dorado, 2,900 m, Vargas 3509 (F); Paucartambo: Hda. Patria, Marin 1723 (F, US),
km 123-124, Kosnipata, 3,000 m, Vargas 15481 (US). HUANUCO. SW slope of
Rio Llula, Pichis watershed, ascent of Cerros del Sira, 1,290 m, Wolfe 12360 (US).
JUNfN. Colonia Perene, 680 m, Killip & Smith 25013 (US), 590 m, Hitchcock 22129
(GH), La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, 4,000 ft, Macbride 5512 (F, GH, US), Pichis
Trail, Porvenir, 1,500-1,900 m, Killip & Smith 25907 (GH, US), Pichis Trail,
Eneras, 1,600-1,900 m, Killip & Smith 25626 (F, GH, US), 25774 (US), Quimiri,
Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 m, Schunke 26 (F, GH), 475, 476 (both F), San
Ramon, 900-1,300 m, Killip & Smith 24768 (GH, US), 24894 (F, GH, US).
LORETO. Coronel Portillo: Plantacion Azul cerca Divisoria, Ricoutt s. n. (US),
Maynas: Dtto. Iquitos, Iquitos, ca. 100 m, Killip & Smith 27478 (F, GH, US),
Iquitos, Williams 3632 (F, GH), 1455 (F, GH), Iquitos, 120 m, Williams 8094 (F,
GH), Iquitos, Puerto Almendro, Revilla 1479 (AMAZ, MO), Mishuyacu near
Iquitos, 100 m, Klug 878 (F, US), Camino a Rumococha, 100-120 m, Ferreyra
3370, Rio Nanay below Bellavista, trail to Picuruyacu, 170 m, McDaniel 16284
(IBE, MO, NATC), trail from Picuru (lower Rio Nanay) to Rio Mazan, McDaniel
et al. 21454 (AMAZ, GA, IBE, MO, NATC, US, USM), Quistococha to San Juan,
McDaniel & Persinos 10706 (IBE, MO), lower Rio Nanay, Williams 438 (F, GH),
Dtto. Indiana, Rio Manati, below San Isabel, McDaniel et al. 21652 (AMAZ, F,
IBE, MO, NATC, NY, RB, US, USM), Loreto: Dtto. Nauta, Quebrada de Nauta,
Croat 17532 (IBE, MO), Requena: Rio Tepiche, Santa Elena, McDaniel & Marcos
11253 (IBE, MO); Yurac between Divisoria and Pucallpa, 15-20 km from Yurac,
Allard 22140 (F, US). PUNO. Sandia, 2,600-3,000 m, Weberbauer 755 (GH). SAN
MARTIN. Tarapoto, 530-580 m, McDaniel 13733 (IBE, MO), Tarapoto, Spruce
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 13
4079 (F, GH), San Roque, 1,300-1,500 m, Williams 7497 (F), alto Rio Huallaga,
360-900 m, Williams 6602 (F, GH), Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1,200-1,600 m,
Klug 3427 (F, GH, MO, US).
7. Mikania brachyphylla Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 472. 1905. TYPE: Peru,
Cajamarca, near Tambillo (Chanta Cruz), 2,600-2,700 m, Jelski 703 (B,
holotype, destroyed, GH, photo & fragm.).
Slender herbaceous twiners; stems somewhat 4-angled, purplish, glabrate, intemodes
generally 2 cm long, but sometimes to 10 cm long. Leaves triangular-ovate, ca. 10 mm long
and 7 mm wide, margins entire to obscurely 2-3-toothed on each side, apices acute to
rounded, bases sagittate-cordate, upper surfaces scabrid, palmately 3-5-nerved, lower
surfaces appressed-hirtellous, glandular in appearance; petioles to 5 mm long, opposite
petioles connate by a stipular ring, with 3-5 ciliated appendages on each side of stem.
Inflorescence a corymb; branchlets angular-sulcate, puberulent; pedicels ca. 4 mm long,
angular, puberulent. Heads ca. 9 mm long; exterior bracts ovate, to 2 mm long, puberu-
lent, borne slightly beneath the involucre; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 5 mm long, pu-
berulent, apices obtuse; corollas ca. 5 mm long, yellowish (after drying), tube ca. 2.5 mm
long, throat campanulate, 2 mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long, glandular. Achenes
ca. 3 mm long, light olivaceous in color; pappus bristles ca. 75, buff in age, ca. 5 mm long,
finely scabrid, thinning toward the tips.
Mikania brachyphylla, known only from the type, is easily recognizable by
somewhat quadrangular, purplish stems, corymbose inflorescence, and leaves
ca. 1 cm or less long with scabrid upper surfaces.
8. Mikania brevifaucia Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 37: 468. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, Cuzco, Convencion, Tanamanche to Quellomayo, 3,700 m, July 25,
1944, Vargas 4447 (F, holotype).
Twiners; stems terete, striate to weakly costate, villous, soon glabrate to puberulent,
internodes to ca. 13 cm long, nodes with stipule-like enations ca. 6 mm wide, laciniate
with teeth 2-3 mm long. Leaves triangular, ca. 6 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, villous,
glandular, apices acuminate, bases cordate, palmately 3-7-nerved, margins dentate to
somewhat crenate, lighter below; petioles to ca. 2 cm long, villous; bracteal leaves similar
to cauline, but reduced. Inflorescence corymbose, to ca. 9 cm wide and 6 cm long;
branchlets terete, villous; pedicels 1-3 mm long, villous. Heads ca. 10 mm long; exterior
bracts lanceolate to narrowly ovate, ca. 3.5 mm long, pilose to somewhat villous, apices
acuminate; involucral bracts linear to lanceolate, densely pilose to villous, apices acumi-
nate; corollas ca. 6 mm long, tube ca. 3.5 mm long, throat scarcely distinguishable from
the tube, ca. 0.5 mm long, teeth narrowly triangular, ca. 2.5 mm long. Achenes 3-5 mm
long, brownish with white ribs, slightly pubescent toward the top (near pappus bristles);
pappus bristles ca. 70, white, ca. 5 mm long, weakly barbellate, narrowed toward the
apex.
Mikania brevifaucia is known only from Cuzco, Peru. Salient diagnostic
characters include the triangular leaves with dentate to crenate margins and
stipular appendages with lacinate teeth.
CUZCO. Calca: Amparaes, borde de arroyo, 3,350 m, Chavez 3282 (MO).
9. Mikania brooksii Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 41: 193. 1979. TYPE: Peru,
Loreto, Maynas, Dtto. Iquitos, Rio Momon, trib. Rio Nanay, Santa Rosa,
January 3, 1978, McDaniel, Rimachi & Brooks 21387 (IBE, holotype).
Subligneous lianas; stems terete, somewhat puberulent-scabrid, sparsely glandular,
intemodes to ca. 10 cm long. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, to 8 cm long and 5 cm wide,
bases obtuse to truncate, apices acute to acuminate, above somewhat scabrid, with
whitish pustular hairs, the major nerves crisped-puberulent, pinnately nerved, with 2
14 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
pairs of secondary nerves separating within the basal l /3 of the leaf, the primary and
secondary veins prominent, the others obscure, margins entire, below lighter, puberu-
lent, all veins exserted; petioles 5-6 mm long, tomentulose-puberulent, thickish. In-
florescence a panicle of oppositely borne corymbs, ca. 11 cm long and 8 cm in diameter,
each corymb ca. 2 cm long and 4 cm in diameter, branching dichotomously; branchlets
terete, densely crisped-puberulent, glandular. Heads ca. 7 mm long, sessile to very
shortly pedicellate, ternately disposed; exterior bracts ovate-obovate to broadly elliptic,
2.5 mm long, somewhat petiolate, apices rounded, irregularly ciliate, the midvein prom-
inent, l /2- l /3 the length of the involucre, sparingly glandular; involucral bracts elliptic-
oblong, 4-4.5 mm long, apex rounded, somewhat pubescent toward apex and base, 3-5
obscure but visible veins present; corollas violet, ca. 3.5 mm long, tube and throat in-
distinguishable, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.3 mm long, glandular. Achenes (slightly immature) to
ca. 3 mm long, greenish; pappus bristles 40-45, white, ca. 3.5 mm long, scabrid, thinner
toward the tips.
LORETO. Maynas: Dtto. Iquitos. Rio Momon (trib. Rio Nanay), Santa Rosa,
110 m, lowland forest rarely inundated, flowers pink, Rimachi 4832 (AMAZ, F,
IBE, MO, NATC, US, USM); Rio Itaya, trocha de Sanangal, disturbed forest of
restinga, 110 m, flowers lavender, McDaniel & Rimachi 23286 (AMAZ, F, FSU,
IBE, MO, NATC, RB, TEX, US, USM).
10. Mikania bulbisetifera Cuatr., Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 52: 308. 1965.
TYPE: Peru, Amazonas, Bangara, Jalca zone, along Yambrasbamba-
Pomacocha trail between Yanayacu and Pomacocha, 2,300-2,400 m, June 26,
1962, Wurdack 1078 (US, holotype; F, isorype).
Vines; stems terete, costate, lanate, intemodes to ca. 3.5 cm long. Leaves lanceolate,
coriaceous, ca. 7 cm long and 2 cm wide, margins subentire, apices acuminate, bases
obtuse, upper surfaces scabrid when young, becoming somewhat muricate in age by loss
of upper portion of hairs, lower surfaces lanose, lighter than above; petioles to 1.5 cm
long, lanose. Inflorescence corymbo-paniculate, to ca. 8 cm long and 8 cm wide; branch-
lets terete, lanose; pedicels 2-5 mm long, lanose. Heads 9-10 mm long; exterior bracts
narrowly ovate, ca. % the length of the involucre, glabrate to sparingly pilose, somewhat
irregularly ciliate, apices acute, pilose; involucral bracts ovate-oblong, 5-6 mm long,
lightly pilose, apices acute to rounded, tomentulose; corollas ca. 4.5 mm long, white, tube
ca. 1.5 mm long, throat campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm long, teeth narrowly triangular to lan-
ceolate, ca. 1.5 mm long. Achenes glabrate to sparsely puberulent, ca. 3.2 mm long,
grayish-brown, the ribs lighter in color; pappus bristles ca. 30, white, 5-6 mm long,
barbellate, thickened at tips.
Mikania bulbisetifera is known only from the type. The lanose pubescence and
characters of the heads and inflorescence of this species suggest the highly
variable M. banisteriae. However, the lanceolate leaves, the narrower exterior
bract, and pappus bristles about one-half the number of M. banisteriae provide
adequate distinction.
11. Mikania bullata B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 13. 1920. TYPE:
Peru, Puno, between Tambo Ichubamba and Tambo Yuncacoyo, on the way
from Sandia to Chunchusmayo, 1,800-2,000 m, June 7, 1920, Weberbauer 1085
(B, holotype, destroyed, GH, photo & fragm.).
Climbing shrubs; stems terete, densely covered with tawny spreading to deflexed
soon-deciduous tomentum, internodes 5-13 cm long. Leaves ovate, to ca. 10 cm long and
6 cm wide, margins obscurely denticulate, apices acute, bases cordate, upper surfaces
chartaceo-coriaceous, tawny-pilose, bullate, scabrous, pinnately nerved, lower surfaces
tawny-villous, punctate, veins exserted from the surface; petioles to ca. 2.5 cm long,
tawny-tomenrulose, stout. Inflorescence a panicle, dense; branchlets tawny-tomentulose,
leafy-bracted; pedicels 2-3 mm long, tawny-tomentulose. Heads 7-8 mm long; exterior
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 15
bracts linear to oblanceolate, ca. x /2 the length of the involucre, densely tawny-pilose,
apices acute, bome at the summit of pedicel; involucral bracts oblong, 4-5 mm long,
tawny-pilose, the outer darkened and somewhat punctate, apices rounded; corollas ca. 4
mm long, tube ca. 1.5 mm long, throat broadly campanulate, ca. 1.25 mm long, teeth
triangular, about as long as throat. Achenes 3-3.5 mm long, brownish-olivaceous; pappus
bristles 35-40, white, ca. 5 mm long, barbellate, thickened at the tips.
Mikania bullata was previously known only from the type. It is another
species exceedingly near M. banisteriae. However, it differs in the scabrid na-
ture of the upper leaf surfaces and the linear to oblanceolate exterior bract
one-half or more as long as the involucre. Mikania banisteriae normally has
smooth leaves and an ovate exterior bract about one-half as long as the in-
volucre. The above description in part taken from Robinson (1922).
PUNO. Sandia cerca a San Juan del Oro, valle Tampopata, 2,100-2,200 m,
Ferreyra 16685 (MO, USM).
12. Mikania carnosa Muschler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 50: 76. 1913. TYPE: Peru,
Ayacucho, Huanta, Yanamonte, 2,700-3,000 m, June 1910, Weberbauer 5645
(B, holotype, destroyed, GH, fragm.; F, isotype).
Twining shrubs; stems terete to somewhat hexagonal, glabrate, internodes to 12 cm
long. Leaves obovate to ovate to lanceolate-ovate, to ca. 4 cm long and 2 cm wide, margins
entire near base, above serrate, the teeth callous-denticulate, apices rounded to somewhat
acute, bases cuneate, upper surfaces glabrate, somewhat 3-5-nerved, lower surfaces pu-
berulent; petioles to ca. 1 cm long. Inflorescence a corymb, 2-3 cm in diameter; branchlets
angular-winged, glabrate; pedicels to ca. 5 mm long, glabrate. Heads ca. 10 mm long;
exterior bracts ovate, ca. 4.5 mm long, glabrate, reticulate, apices acute to obtuse, borne at
the top of the pedicel; involucral bracts lance-linear, ca. 8 mm long, glabrate, apices
attenuate, somewhat irregularly ciliate; corollas ca. 6 mm long, pale yellow, tube ca. 3 mm
long, throat ca. 1 mm long, teeth oblong, ca. 2 mm long. Achenes ca. 3.5 mm long,
grayish; pappus bristles 75-80, yellow-white, ca. 6 mm long, scabrid.
Mikania carnosa, known only from the type, may be readily distinguished by
its lanceolate to ovate to obovate leaves with rounded apices and cuneate bases.
13. Mikania chimborazensis Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 15. 1900. TYPE:
Ecuador, forest at base of Mt. Chimborazo, Sodiro 767 (B, holotype, de-
stroyed; F, isotype).
Herbaceous to somewhat shrubby climbers; stems terete, striate, soon fistulose and
glabrate, internodes to 15 cm long. Leaves ovate, ca. 10 cm long and 8 cm wide, margins
serrate-crenate, apices acuminate, bases widely cordate, upper surfaces appressed-
puberulent, scabrid, palmately 7-nerved from base, lower surfaces appressed puberulent;
7-nerved; petioles ca. 5 cm long, somewhat puberulent, connected by a laciniate stipule-
like ring. Inflorescence a 3-parted corymb, ca. 15 cm long and 10 cm wide; branchlets
angular, puberulent. Heads 16-18 mm long; exterior bracts lance-elliptic, ca. 6-7 mm
long, lightly puberulent, often purple-tinged; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 9 mm long,
puberulent, purple-tinged, apices rounded, ciliate; corollas 9-11 mm long, purplish, tube
and throat about the same length, throat turbinate, teeth triangular, ca. 1.5 mm long.
Achenes 5-6 mm long, gray-olivaceous; pappus bristles ca. 75 or more, white, often
purple-tinged, 10-12 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania chimborazensis of Ecuador, Colombia, and Cajamarca, Peru has heads
16-18 mm long, the largest of any known species of Mikania in Peru.
CAJAMARCA. Celendin: canyon of Rio Maranon above Balsas, 2,930 m,
Hutchison & Wright 5320 (US).
16 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
14. Mikania congesta DC., Prodr. 5: 197. 1836. TYPE: Puerto Rico, Bertero s.n.
(G-DC, holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 820: II. 6).
M. sieberiana DC., Prodr. 5: 196. 1836. TYPE: Trinidad, Sieber225 (G-DC, holotype, not
seen, IDC microfiche 800. 820: II. 2, F, photo).
M. parkeriana DC., I.e. 199. TYPE: British Guiana, Parker s.n. (G-DC, holotype, not
seen, IDC microfiche 800. 821: III.4).
M. variabilis Gardner, Lond. Jour. Bot. 5: 486. 1846. TYPE: Brazil, Alagoas, Piassabisu,
Gardner 1344 (K, holotype, not seen).
M. atriplicifolia Schultz-Bip. ex Miq., Stirp. Surin. Sel. 189. 1850. TYPE: In sylva prope
Vredenburgerkreek, Focke s.n. (not seen).
M. scandens (L.) Willd. var. congesta (DC.) Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 249. 1876.
M. scandens (L.) Willd. f. congesta (DC.) B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 43. 1922.
Twining or creeping lianas; stems striate to sulcate (after drying) to angled, puberulent
to pilose, internodes 5-20 cm. Leaves deltoid-ovate to ovate-oblong, 2.5-14 cm long and
2-10 cm wide, margins entire to weakly dentate to undulate, apices acute to attenuate,
bases cordate, upper surfaces glabrous to puberulent, 3-5(7)-nerved from the base, lower
surfaces puberulent; petioles 1.5-14 cm long, glabrous to puberulent. Inflorescence a
dense corymbose-subglobose glomerule, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter; branchlets angled, pu-
berulent. Heads 4-5 mm long, sessile to very shortly pedicellate; exterior bracts linear to
lanceolate, as long as or exceeding the length of the involucre, pilose, apices attenuate;
involucral bracts oval to oblong, 3-4 mm long, weakly pilose on the dorsal surface, apices
mucronate; corollas ca. 3 mm long, white, glandular, tube ca. 1.5 mm long, throat ca. 1
mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes 1.5-2 mm long, glandular, black;
pappus bristles 33-37, white, ca. 3 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania congesta occurs on riverbanks, in swamps, or in other frequently
inundated areas, to ca. 300 m elevation from Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles,
and northern South America to Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. This species is often
confused with or treated as a form or variety of M. micrantha H.B.K. because of
similar habit and foliage. The dense glomerule of M. congesta provides ample
distinction from the open corymb of M. micrantha.
LORETO. Middle Ucayali, Tessmann 3303 (NY); Maynas: Rio Ampiyacu,
Pebas and vicinity, Plowman et al. 7064 (F), Caballo Cocha on the Amazon,
Williams 2293 (F), Dtto. Indiana: Quebrada de Yanayacu, from mouth to "sac-
arita," McDaniel et al. 21434 (AMAZ, F, IBE, MO, NATC, RB, US, USM); Dtto.
Iquitos: Rio Itaya, Williams 120 (F), Rio Nanay near Iquitos, between Bellavista
and Sta. Clotilde, McDaniel 13580 (FSU, IBE, MO), Rio Nanay, Morona Cocha,
Rimachi 3608 (AMAZ, DUKE, F, FSU, GA, IBE, MO, NATC, NY, USM), Mis-
huyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 933 (F, NY, US), Boca de Muyui, ca. 3 km W Iquitos,
Croat 17494 (MO); Dtto. Mazan, Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, /. M. Schunke 54
(F, NY, UC, US). MADRE DE DfOS. Cocha Cashu, Rio Manii, between Panagua
& Tayakome, Foster 3461 (IBE).
15. Mikania conglomerata Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 37: 469. 1977.
TYPE: Peru, Huanuco, Pachitea, Honoria, Bosque Nacional de Iparia, a lo
largo del Pachitea cerca del campamiento Miel de Abeja, October 24, 1967,
Schunke V. 2249 (US, holotype; F, isotype).
Lianas; stems terete, striate, with white, sessile glands, internodes to 30 cm long.
Leaves broadly ovate, somewhat coriaceous, to ca. 22 cm long and 15 cm wide, margins
entire, revolute, apices caudate, bases truncate to subcordate, upper surfaces glabrate,
subpinnately 5-7-nerved from near the base, tertiary veins prominent, transverse, lower
surfaces glabrate, veins exserted from the surface; petioles to 5 cm long, sulcate. In-
florescence a panicle; heads sessile, arranged in a very dense subspherical glomerule to
ca. 2 cm in diameter; branchlets angular-flattened, puberulent. Heads ca. 6 mm. long;
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 17
exterior bracts elliptic-oblong, ca. 1.5 mm long, puberulent; involucral bracts elliptic-
oblong, ca. 4 mm long, puberulent, apices rounded, ciliolate; corollas ca. 4 mm long,
white, scarcely fragrant, tube ca. 1.5 mm long, throat narrowly campanulate, ca. 2 mm
long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes ca. 2 mm long (immature); pappus bristles
ca. 35, white, ca. 4 mm long, barbellate, slightly thickened at the tips.
Mikania conglomerate!, known only from the type, is characterized by its large
(up to 22 cm long), somewhat coriaceous leaves with caudate apices.
16. Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 1746. 1803.
Cacalia cordifolia L. f., Suppl. PI. 351. 1781. TYPE: Colombia, Mutis 1818 (LINN,
holorype not seen, IDC microfiche 117. 555: 1.7; US, isotype).
Mikania mollis H.B.K., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 4: 105. ed. fol. 1818. TYPE: Peru,
Guanacabamba River, Humboldt & Bonpland (P, holorype).
M. suaveolens H.B.K., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 4: 106. ed. fol. 1818. TYPE: Colombia, near
Guaruma, Humboldt & Bonpland (P, holorype).
M. poeppigii Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 422. 1826. TYPE: Cuba, Poeppig (P, holotype, not
seen; W, isotype, not seen).
M. cissampelina DC., Prodr. 5: 195. 1836. TYPE: Santo Domingo (G-DC, holotype, not
seen).
M. gonoclada DC., Prodr. 5: 199. 1836. TYPE: Mexico, Tampico, Tamaulipas, Berlandier
137 (G-DC, holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 821: II. 4).
M. convolvulacea DC., Prodr. 5: 199. 1836. TYPE: Santo Domingo (G-DC, holotype, not
seen, IDC microfiche 800. 819: III. 7). (See Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 70. 1934.)
M. surinamensis Miq., Stirp. Sur. Select. 188. 1850. TYPE: Surinam, prope plantionem
La Rencontre, Focke (U, holotype, not seen).
M. hostmanii Miq., Stirp. Sur. Select. 189. 1850. TYPE: Surinam, Hostmann 717 (K,
holotype).
M. scandens (L.) Willd. var. rhodotricha Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 250. 1876. TYPE:
Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Serra dos Orgaos, Gardner 60 (K, holotype).
Eupatorium marquesianum Gomez de la Maza, Dice. Bot. Nom. Vulgares Cubanos &
Puerto-Riquenos 54. 1889. TYPE: not seen.
Willoughbya cordifolia (L.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 372. 1891.
Mikania vellosiana B. Rodr., Hort. Flum. 276. 1895. TYPE: not seen.
Willoughbaeya halei Small, Fl. S.E.U.S. 1170. 1903. TYPE: United States, Louisiana, Hale
(GH, holotype?).
Mikania yapasensis B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 48. 1934. TYPE: Peru, Junin,
Pichis Trail, Yapas, 1,350-1,600 m, June 28-29, 1929, Killip & Smith 25493 (GH,
holotype).
Herbaceous to semiwoody twiners; stems hexagonal, gray-tomentulose or tomentose,
usually spirally twisted, internodes 5-20 cm long. Leaves ovate, 5-10 cm long and 3-8 cm
wide, margins subentire to undulate-dentate, apices acute to acuminate, bases cordate
with a wide and open sinus, upper surfaces densely pilose to tomentose, pale green,
3-5-nerved from the base, lower surfaces densely pilose to tomentose, lighter than above;
petioles 2-5.5 cm long, veins appearing slightly decurrent upon petiole, densely pilose to
tomentose, opposite petioles connected by a transverse ridge with a small laciniate
stipule-like appendage. Inflorescence a compound corymb, terminal and lateral, ca. 6cm
long and 7 cm wide; branchlets hexagonal, densely pilose to tomentose; pedicels 0.5-3
mm long, hexagonal, pilose to tomentose. Heads 7-10 mm long; exterior bracts linear to
narrowly lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, densely pilose, apices acuminate; involucral bracts
elliptic to narrowly ovate, 6-8 mm long, substramineous, apices acute to slightly rounded;
corollas 3.5-5 mm long, white, tube 1.5-2 mm long, throat 1-1.5 mm long, glabrous, teeth
linear, slightly exceeding the length of the throat, recurved when dry. Achenes 3-4 mm
long, glabrous to pubescent, lightly glandular, brown; pappus bristles white, ca. 60,
thinning toward the tips, barbellate.
Mikania cordifolia is a very widespread species occurring from Gulf coastal
United States (Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida) throughout the wet tropical
Americas to Argentina. This species is easily recognized by the prominently
18 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
hexagonal stems normally tomentulose to tomentose, the compound corymbose
inflorescence, and corolla teeth about the same length as or slightly longer than
the throat, the teeth usually reflexed or crisped in the dried state.
AYACUCHO. Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1,000 m, Killip
& Smith 22736 (US). CUZCO. Convention, valley of Rio Vilcanota at mouth of
Rio Sambray, 1,000 m, Mexia 8042 (MO, NY, TEX, UC, US). HUANUCO.
Huanuco, Tingo Maria, valley of Rio Huallaga, trocha a la Cueva de las Pavas,
700-800 m, Ferreyra 4244 (MO, US, USM), Rio Huallaga Canon, below Rio Santo
Domingo, ca. 4,000 ft, Macbride 4199 (US). JUNfN; Quempiri, Rio Ene, 46CM80
m, Ferreyra 26381 (US), Colonia Perene, 680 m, Killip & Smith 24991 (US) and
25239 (US), Tarma, entre La Merced y Quimiri, valle de Canchamayo, 800-900
m, Ferreyra 3682 (US). LORETO. Ucayali: Contamana, near road to Oriente, 160
m, McDaniel 14041 (IBE). MADRE DE DfOS. Manu: Hacienda S. Antonio, Var-
gas 14664 (US), Rio Acre, Ule 9884 (L). SAN MARTfN. Silcayo, cerca a Tarapoto,
Ferreyra 7768 (US), Lamas: arriba de San Jose de Sisa, selva tropical, 500-550 m,
Ferreyra 7917 (MO, USM).
17. Mikania crassifolia Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 471. 1905. TYPE: Peru,
Cajamarca, Tambillo, October 30, 1878, Jelski 696 (B, holotype, destroyed;
MO, US, isotypes).
Somewhat shrubby twiners; stems terete, papillate-scabrid, internodes to 30 cm or
more long. Leaves ovate, to ca. 14 cm long and 9 cm wide, slightly fleshy, margins entire
or with a few inconspicuous teeth, apices acuminate, bases rounded, somewhat cuneate
upon the petiole at the point of insertion, subpinnately 5-7-nerved from near the base;
petioles to ca. 4 cm long, opposite petioles connected by stipule-like enations of ca. 1.5 cm
long and 0.6 cm wide, subentire to dentate. Inflorescence a rather dense corymb, to ca. 3
cm in diameter; pedicels 2-3 mm long, puberulent. Heads ca. 13 cm long; exterior bracts
lance-linear, 6-8 mm long, apices acute, borne at the top of pedicel; involucral bracts
oblong, 8-9 mm long, glandular, apex narrowed to an obtuse point, somewhat ciliolate
and purplish in color, prominently nervate; corollas ca. 8 mm long, dark violet, tube 3-4
mm long, gradually enlarged into a funnelform throat, throat 2 mm long, teeth triangular,
ca. 2 mm long. Achenes ca. 5.5 mm long, olivaceous, hispid on the angles; pappus bristles
ca. 120 or more, white, ca. 8 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania crassifolia, known only from the type, is characterized by its some-
what fleshy leaves, heads ca. 13 mm long, and corolla reported to be deep
purple in color.
18. Mikania cutervensis Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 473. 1905. TYPE: Peru,
between Chota and Cutervo, June 1879, Jelski 795 (B, holotype, destroyed).
Kanimia cutervensis (Hieron.) Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 394. 1908.
Suffrutescent (?) twining lianas; stems subangular, sparingly villose, at length terete,
glabrous, greenish, internodes to ca. 16 cm long. Leaves subtriangular to cordate-ovate, 6
cm long and 5 cm wide, apices acute-acuminate, margins coarsely dentate, the teeth
semisubcircular-triangular, mucronate, ca. 4 mm long and 3-7 mm apart, above glabrate,
the nerves sparingly pubescent, 5-7-nerved from the base, below villous, especially on
the nerves; petioles to 4 cm long, often provided at the base with subulate, stipule-like
enations ca. 2 mm long. Inflorescence corymbose. Heads ca. 12 mm or more long, sessile
to subsessile; exterior bracts lanceolate, acute, glabrous, ca. 7 mm long, 3-nervate,
greenish- to whitish-purple, margins ciliate; involucral bracts lanceolate, ca. 12 mm long,
acute, scarious, greenish-stramineous, 3-nervate; corollas purple, ca. 8 mm long, gla-
brous, the tube ca. 1.5 mm long, throat infundibuliform, ca. 4.5 mm long, teeth lanceo-
late, ca. 2 mm long. Achenes (immature) ca. 5 mm long, glabrous; pappus bristles ca.
100-105, reddish, ca. 8.5 mm long, apices not thickened.
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 19
The above description was drawn from that of Hieronymus. The species
appears to be characterized by its more or less triangular leaves with coarsely
dentate margins.
The specimen listed below, although very immature, is cited with this species
because it appears to agree in essentials.
HUANUCO. Cajan, Huallaga, Weberbauer 4036 (F, fragm.).
19. Mikania cuzcoensis Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 35: 329. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, Cuzco, Quispicanchis, entre Inambari y 15 Mil, 500-650 m, September 3,
1965, Vargas 16521 (US, holotype).
Somewhat shrubby or procumbent lianas; stems terete, costate (after drying), glabrous,
internodes to ca. 20 cm long. Leaves ovate, 6-10 cm long and 5-8 cm wide, margins entire,
apices acute to attenuate, bases cordate, upper surfaces glabrous, 5-7-nerved from the
base, pale green, lower surfaces with dark globular sessile glands, lighter than above;
petioles 3-8 cm long, thin, puberulent. Inflorescence a racemosely disposed panicle, ca. 15
cm long and 15 cm wide; branchlets slightly angular, puberulent; pedicels ca. 5 mm long,
puberulent. Heads 5-6 mm long; exterior bracts linear, 2-2.5 mm long, borne at the
summit of the pedicel; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 4 mm long, glabrate, apices obtuse,
bases slightly narrowed, the center portion of each of the inner bracts extended into a
small knoblike protuberance; corollas funnelform to slightly campanulate, ca. 2.5-3 mm
long, tube 1.2-1.5 mm long, throat 0.5-0.8 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.7 mm long.
Achenes ca. 2.5 mm long, glabrous, dark brown; pappus bristles 35-40, white, ca. 4 mm
long, barbellate, slightly thickened toward the tips.
Mikania cuzcoensis, endemic to Peru, is characterized by the large racemosely
disposed panicle with heads loosely arranged on pedicels ca. 5 mm long.
CUZCO. Quispicanchis, entre Mashiche y Tuanssan, 510 m, Vargas 16450
(US). HUANUCO. Tulumayo, cerca Tingo Maria, Carretera Huanuco-Pucallpa,
700-800 m, Ferreyra 2159 (US, USM).
20. Mikania decora Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 3: 53. 1845.
TYPE: Peru, Ancash, Pampayaco, woods around Cuchero, Poeppig 1645 (W,
holotype, F, photo). Figure 2.
Willoughbya bangii Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 3: 53. 1893. TYPE: Bolivia, La Paz,
Yungas, Bang 523 (NY, holotype; GH, isotype).
Mikania tarapotensis B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 21. 1920. TYPE: Peru, San
Martin, mountains along River Mayo, near Tarapoto, Spruce 4822 (GH, holotype, F,
photo & fragm.).
M. decora var. heteroneura B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 23. 1924. TYPE: Peru,
Villacabamba, hacienda on Rio Chinchao, 610 m, July 17-26, 1923, Macbride 5167 (F,
holotype; GH, isotype).
Twining lianas or shrubs; stems terete, costate, fistulose, at first puberulent, soon
glabrate, internodes to 12 cm long. Leaves ovate-oblong, 6-15 cm long and 7 cm wide,
margins entire, apices acuminate, bases rounded, upper surfaces glabrous, glandular,
5-7-nerved from near the base, lower surfaces puberulent, glandular, nerves exserted;
petioles ca. 1-1. 5 cm long, puberulent. Inflorescence paniculate, lax, ultimate branchlets
disposed in racemes; branchlets puberulent; pedicels 3-5 mm long, filiform, puberulent.
Heads 4-5 mm long; exterior bracts subulate, ca. 1.5 mm long, puberulent, borne at the
base of the pedicel; involucral bracts oblong, 3-3.5 mm long, glabrate, striate, apices
obtuse, puberulent; corollas 2.4-2.5 mm long, whitish green, tube ca. 1 mm long, glan-
dular, throat semicampanulate, ca. 1 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes
ca. 1.5 mm long, brownish; pappus bristles ca. 40, pinkish white, ca. 3 mm long, barbel-
late.
= 2 mm
FIG. 2. Mikania decora Poepp. A, habit; B, head; C, flower. (After McDaniel & Rimachi
22033 [IBE].)
20
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 21
Mikania decora occurs to ca. 3,000 m elevation in Peru and Bolivia. The lax
racemose inflorescence with heads borne on slender pedicels 3-5 mm long
characterizes this species.
AMAZONAS. Bongara: 2-4 km WSW of Pomacocha, 2,200-2,400 m, Wurdack
839 (US). CAJAMARCA. Jaen: Valley of the River Tabaconas, 1,200 m, Weber-
bauer 6254 (F, GH, US). CUZCO. Villacabamba: Hacienda on Rio Chinchao,
Macbride 5191 (F, GH). HUANUCO. Carpish, carretera Huanuco-Tingo Maria,
2,800-2,900 m, Ferreyra 2393 (MO, US, USM). JUNfN. Schunke Hacienda, above
San Ramon, 1,300-1,700 m, C. Schunke A2 (US). SAN MARTfN. Tarapoto, car-
retera Tarapoto-Yurimaguas, km 12-15, ca. 2,250 ft, McDaniel & Rimachi 22033
(AMAZ, F, FSU, GA, IBE, MO, NATC, NY, US, USM), Zepelacio, near
Moyobamba, 1,200-1,600 m, Klug 3531 (F, GH, MO, US), 3533 (F, GH, MO), and
3655 (GH, MO).
21. Mikania desmocephala B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 7. 1922.
TYPE: Bolivia, near Yungas, 1,220 m, Rusby 1740 (NY, holotype).
M. desmocephala var. peruviana B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77:50. 1926. TYPE:
Peru, Junin, La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, 1,220 m, Macbride 5776 (F, holotype).
Twining vines; stems terete, costate, densely pinkish-puberulent, internodes to ca. 12
cm long. Leaves narrowly ovate, to ca. 11 cm long and 5 cm wide, margins entire, rev-
olute, apices attenuate, bases rounded, upper surfaces lightly scabrid, 5-nerved from near
the base, lower surfaces glabrate, glandular; petioles 2-3 cm long, scabrid. Inflorescence
paniculate, heads disposed in dense hemispherical glomerules ca. 1.5 cm in diameter;
branchlets densely puberulent. Heads sessile, 7-8 mm long; exterior bracts obovate, ca.
Va-Vz the length of the involucre, puberulent, apices acute; involucral bracts oblong, ca.
5.5 mm long, sparsely pilose, apices rounded, bases slightly swollen; corollas ca. 4 mm
long, tube ca. 2 mm long, throat campanulate, 1.3-1.5 mm long, teeth deltoid, less than Vz
the length of the throat. Achenes ca. 3 mm long, black, ribs white; pappus bristles 40-45,
white, 3.5-4 mm long barbellate.
Mikania desmocephala of Peru and Bolivia may be distinguished from the
similar M. hookeriana by its narrower leaves with revolute margins.
CUZCO. La Convencion, almost to Camp 3 from Camp 2 l /2, ca. 1,700 m,
Dudley 10446 (MO, US, USM). JUNfN. Pichis Trail, Dos de Mayo, 1,700-1,900
m, Killip & Smith 25800 & 25824 (both at GH, US). LORETO. Coronel Portillo:
Divisoria, entre Tingo Maria y Pucallpa, 1,600-1,700 m, Ferreyra 4157 (MO, US,
USM).
22. Mikania dudleyi Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 45: 297. 1980. TYPE:
Peru, Cuzco, La Convencion, exposed steep ridge at top of old landslide
below Camp 5, ca. 2,800 m, July 9, 1968, Dudley 10913 (US, holotype).
Subligneous lianas; stems terete, costate-striate, glabrate, internodes to 18 cm long.
Leaves ovate-oblong, coriaceous, dark green, glossy, to 13 cm long and 6 cm wide, mar-
gins entire to remotely and obscurely denticulate, apices attenuate, bases narrowly cor-
date (bracteal leaves subcordate to truncate), upper surfaces glabrate to puberulent, glan-
dular, subpinnately nerved from near the base, with 2 pairs of secondary nerves separat-
ing within 1 cm of the base thence arching toward the apex, tertiary veins exserted;
petioles to 2.5 cm long, thickish. Inflorescence a panicle, to ca. 12 cm long and 7 cm in
diameter; branchlets terete, crisped-puberulent; pedicels ca. 1 mm long, terete. Heads 5-6
mm long; exterior bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm long, puberulent, borne at the base
of the pedicel; involucral bracts linear to elliptic-oblong, ca. 4 mm long, puberulent,
apices somewhat acute, densely puberulent-pilose; corollas violet, ca. 3.5 mm long, glan-
dular, tube ca. 1.3 mm long, throat campanulate, ca. 1.6 long, teeth broadly triangular, ca.
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
0.6 mm long, glandular, puberulent. Achenes ca. 1.5 mm long (immature), brownish;
pappus bristles ca. 30, white, ca. 4.5 mm long, barbellate, thickened at the tips.
Mikania dudleyi, known only from the type, is characterized by its ovate
leaves with narrowly cordate bases.
23. Mikania ecu ado re ns is Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 31: 274. 1975. TYPE:
Ecuador, Guayas, Camp -3563 (MICH, holorype; BR, NY, RB, isotypes).
Twining herbs; stems 4-6 angled (after drying), lightly to moderately villous with
sordid-white, jointed hairs, intemodes 10-15 cm long. Leaves ovate, 2-5 cm long and
1.5-4 cm wide, margins entire to crenate-undulate, apices acute to acuminate, bases
cordate, the sinus wide, upper surfaces pilose, lower surfaces velutinous with sordid-
white hairs, 3-7-nerved from the base; petioles 1-5 cm long, densely pubescent. In-
florescence a rounded to flat-topped corymb, sometimes rather dense, 1-3 cm long and
1-6 cm wide; branchlets with villous hairs; pedicels ca. 1-3 mm long. Heads 4-4.5 mm
long; exterior bracts linear to lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm long, apices slightly erose to acumi-
nate, outer surfaces pilose; involucral bracts lanceolate, 3-4 mm long, apices acute to
acuminate, pilose, obscurely 1-3-nerved; corollas 2-2.5 mm long, white with globular
glands toward the summit, tube ca. 1-1.3 mm long, gradually expanding into the throat,
teeth broadly triangular, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes ca. 1.5 mm long, glandular, brownish;
pappus bristles ca. 22, 1.5 mm long, white, thick, nonbarbellate.
Mikania ecuadorensis has been found only in the lower coastal plain of Ecuador
and nearby Peru. It has affinities with both M. micrantha and M. congesta but
can be distinguished by its thick pappus of about 22 bristles rather than a thin,
barbellate pappus of about 35 bristles in the other two species.
PIURA. Piura, Townsend 791 (F); Talara, Haught 83 (GH, US).
24. Mikania featherstonei B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 38. 1923.
TYPE: Peru, Huanuco, Pueblo, 3 mi below Ambo, September 19, 1922, Mac-
bride cV Featherstone 2428 (F, holotype).
Twining vines; stems terete, older stems sulcate, rusty puberulent, internodes to ca. 11
cm long. Leaves ovate, somewhat coriaceous, to ca. 14 cm long and 9 cm wide, margins
entire to irregularly and coarsely serrate to revolute, apices acute to acuminate, bases
cordate, bracteal leaves with obtuse to truncate to somewhat cuneate bases, upper sur-
faces rugose, scabrid, subpinnately to pinnately 5-7-nerved, lower surfaces hispid to
somewhat scabrid, nerves prominent; petioles to ca. 4 cm long, hispid to scabrid, sulcate.
Inflorescence a corymb, to ca. 5 cm long and 10 cm wide; branchlets angled to flattened,
rusty hispid to scabrid. Heads 12-13 mm long, sessile to shortly pedicellate (to ca. 3 mm);
exterior bracts linear, to ca. 4 mm long, somewhat hispid, borne at base of head; in-
volucral bracts elliptic-oblong, 8-9 mm long, outer pair hispid to scabrid intermixed with
puberulent hairs, the inner glabrate to lightly puberulent, the apices rounded, puberu-
lent; corollas salverform, ca. 6 mm long, greenish- white, tube ca. 4.5 mm long, throat ca.
0.2 mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 1.3 mm long; anthers purple. Achenes ca. 5 mm long,
black; pappus bristles ca. 75, cameous, ca. 6 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania featherstonei is a well-marked species known only from the type. It
may be distinguished by its rusty puberulent stems and ovate, pinnately veined
leaves with scabrid upper surfaces.
25. Mikania filicifolia B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 14. 1920. TYPE:
Peru, Cuzco, Machu Picchu, ca. 2,100 m, Cook & Gilbert 853 (US, holotype).
Trailing vines; stems sulcate-costate, purplish-brown, puberulent at first, soon gla-
brate, intemodes to ca. 10 cm long. Leaves 2-3-pinnately divided, 3-4 cm long and 2-3 cm
wide, leaflets ovate-orbicular, ca. 5 mm in diameter, entire, obtuse at apex, terminal
leaflet lanceolate, attenuate at tip, petiolulate, surfaces glabrate to puberulent; petiole to
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 23
ca. 1.5cm long, puberulent. Inflorescence a trifid corymb, ca. 7cm in diameter; branchlets
somewhat angular, puberulent; pedicels 1-5 mm long, puberulent. Heads 8-9 mm long;
exterior bracts narrowly ovate to obovate, ca. Vz the length of the involucre, glabrate,
apices acute-attenuate, borne slightly beneath the head; involucral bracts lance-linear, ca.
7 mm long, glabrate, apices attenuate, bases slightly tumid; corollas ca. 5 mm long,
glandular, tube ca. 2.5 mm long, throat ca. 1.0 mm long, teeth linear, ca. 1.5 mm long.
Achenes tan, ca. 2.5 mm long, lightly glandular at the summit, ribs white; pappus bristles
ca. 40, white, 4-5 mm long, finely scabrid.
Mikania filicifolia is a very striking species known only from the type. The
delicate, pinnately dissected, femlike foliage easily separates this species from
the only other species of this genus in Peru known to have divided leaves, M.
ternata, which has palmately divided leaves.
26. Mikania glandulifera Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 37: 470. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, Huanuco, Pachitea, Honoria, Bosque Nacional de Iparia, Rio Pachitea
ca. del campamento Miel de Abeja, January 6, 1967, Schunke V. 1487 (US,
holotype; F, IBE, isotypes).
Lianas; stems terete, striate-costate, glabrate, with dark glandular punctations (espe-
cially near nodes), intemodes to ca. 16 cm long. Leaves elliptic-ovate, membraneous, to
ca. 13 cm long and 6 cm wide, margins entire, apices attenuate-caudate, bases truncate to
obtuse, upper surfaces glabrate, with dark glandular punctations near midvein, pinnately
veined, lower surfaces with dark glandular punctations; petioles to ca. 3 cm long, with
dark glands. Inflorescence a panicle, the ultimate segments spicately arranged; branchlets
angular, puberulent, with somewhat stalked dark glands. Heads sessile, ca. 6 mm long;
exterior bracts lance-elliptic, to ca. 1.5 mm long, apices acute, often with dark glands;
involucral bracts elliptic-oblong, ca. 5 mm long, glabrate, with a few dark glands, apices
rounded, densely pilose, bases somewhat swollen; corollas ca. 3 mm long, white, tube ca.
1.5mm long, throat ca. 0.8mm long, turbinate, teeth lanceolate, ca. 0.7mm long. Achenes
ca. 2 mm long, brownish; pappus bristles 35-40, white, ca. 3.5 mm long, scabrid.
Mikania glandulifera is characterized by the strictly spicately disposed heads
and elliptic-oblong membraneous leaves.
27. Mikania guaco H. & B., PI. Aeq. 2: 84. 1809. TYPE: Colombia, Magdalena
River between Mahates & Angostura, Humboldt & Bonpland 1447 (P, holotype,
not seen). Figure 3.
Mikania attenuata DC., Prodr. 5: 195. 1836. TYPE: Peru, "montibus Huanacocensis,"
Haenke (G-DC, holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 820: I.I, GH, photo).
M. brachiata Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 3: 53. 1845. TYPE: Peru, in
forests at Tocache, Poeppig 2041 (W, holotype, not seen, F, photo & fragm.).
M. cuneata Schultz-Bip., Bonplandia 4: 54. 1856. (nomen nudum). TYPE: Peru, San
Govan, Lechler 2477 (F, isotype).
M. amara var. guaco (H. & B.) Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 237. 1876.
Willoughbya guaco (H. & B.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 1: 372. 1891.
M. olivacea Klatt, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 31: 195. 1892 (1893). TYPE: Costa Rica,
forests of Buenos Aires, 2,300 m, Pittier4433 (BR, holotype; GH, isotype).
Lianas; stems terete, pithy to hollow, glabrous, internodes to 20 cm or more long.
Leaves ovate-oval, thin, to 20 cm or more long and 12 cm or more wide, margins entire to
somewhat denticulate, apices attenuate, bases acuminate and prominently decurrent
upon the petiole, upper surfaces puberulent to sometimes scabrid, subpinnately 5-7
(9)-nerved from near the base, lower surfaces glabrate; petioles to 5 cm long, thin. In-
florescence a corymb, the ultimate segments rather dense, to ca. 6 cm long and 12 cm
wide; branchlets angled, puberulent. Heads sessile to shortly pedicellate, disposed in
groups of 3's, 8-10 mm long; exterior bracts subulate to linear, 0.5-2 mm long, puberu-
lent; involucral bracts oblong, 4-6 mm long, puberulent, especially toward the rounded
apices; corollas ca. 5 mm long, white to lilac to brownish, tube ca. 2 mm long, throat 2.4
24 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.6mm long, style branches prominently hirsute. Achenesca.
3 mm long, blackish; pappus bristles ca. 60, buff (in age), 4-4.5 mm long, barbellate,
thinner toward the tips.
Mikania guaco is a very well-known and widespread species that occurs from
southern Mexico throughout Central America to northern South America (to
Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru). It is readily characterized by the ovate-oval leaves
with bases prominently cuneately decurrent upon the petiole.
AMAZONAS. Bagua, near Campamento Stte. Montenegro, 450 m, Wurdack
1840 (F, GH, US). AYACUCHO. Aina between Haunta and Rio Apurimac,
750-1,000 m, Killip & Smith 22793 (GH, US). CUZCO. Quispicanchis: Maria
Patai, Cadena, 1,100 m, Vargas 11677 (US). HUANUCO. Huamalies, Monzon,
Weberbauer 3442 (GH), Huanuco: downriver from Tingo Maria, 7,000 ft, Belshaw
3104 (F, GH, MO, US), Fundo Honolulu, cerca a Tingo Maria, carretera
Huanuco-Tingo Maria, 600-700 m, Ferreyra 2258 (MO, US, USM), Huanuco:
Tingo Maria, shore of Rio Monzon, Asplund 12974 (F), Pozuzo, 800-900 m,
Weberbauer 34376 (F, MO), Divisoria, cerca a Chinchono, entre Tingo Maria y
Pucallpa, 1,500-1,600 m, Ferreyra 4314 (US) and 4292 (MO, US, USM). LORETO.
Maynas: Florida, Rio Putumayo, at mouth of Rio Zubineta, 180 m, Klug 2172 (F,
GH, MO), Rio Yahuasyacu, Rio Ampiyacu, Pebas, Revilla 713 (MO), Rio Am-
piyacu, Pebas and vicinity, Plowman et al. 7268 (F), Dtto. Alto Nanay, Rio
Nanay just below mouth of Quebrada Anguilla, McDaniel et al. 21503 (AMAZ,
F, FSU, GA, IBE, MO, NATC, NY, RB, US, USM), Dtto. Iquitos, Quebrada de
Aucaya, trocha de Nuevo Union, McDaniel & Rimachi 17171 (IBE, NATC), along
Rio Amazonas S of Iquitos, Croat 19307 (GH, IBE), Iquitos, ca. 100 m, Killip &
Smith 27386 (F, GH, US), Iquitos, San Juan, 120 m, Williams 3721 (F, GH),
Iquitos, 120 m, Williams 8197 (F, GH), 5 m S of Iquitos, Croat 18144 (IBE), lower
Rio Nanay, Williams 542 (F), Rio Nanay near Iquitos, between Bellavista & Sta.
Clotilde, 110 m, McDaniel 13576 (IBE, MO), La Carretera de Momoncillo near
Rio Momon, McDaniel & Rimachi 17007 (IBE); Ucayali: Contamana, near road to
Oriente, 160-180 m, McDaniel 14057 (IBE). MADRE DE DfOS. Cocha Cashu,
forest in vicinity of ox-bow lake of Rio Manii, between Panagua & Tayakome,
Foster et al. 3488 (IBE). SAN MARTfN. Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1,200-1,600
m, Klug 3412 (US), Mariscal Caceres: Tocache Nuevo, Quebrada Luis Salas (5 km
NE Puerto Rizana), Schunke V. 6584 (IBE, MO), Mariscal Caceres: Tocache
Nuevo, Fundo Jeroglifico, 400 m, Schunke V. 8282 (MO).
28. Mikania haenkeana DC., Prodr. 5: 196. 1836. TYPE: "in montanis
Peruviae," 1790, Haenke 142 (G-DC, holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800.
820: 1.7; F, isotype).
M. pellucidivenia Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 474. 1905. TYPE: Peru, near Tambillo,
Jelski 600 & 642 (both B, destroyed).
M. monzonensis Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 391. 1908. TYPE: Peru, Huamalies, Weber-
bauer 3430 (B, holotype, destroyed, GH, photo; F, isotype).
Herbaceous twiners; stems terete, glabrate, striate, internodes to 25 cm or more long.
Leaves ovate, to ca. 12 cm long and 11 cm wide, margins entire, apices caudate-
acuminate, bases cordate, upper surfaces glabrate, palmately 5-nerved, lower surfaces
glandular-punctate, lighter than above; petioles to ca. 7 mm long, thin, puberulent.
Heads sessile, disposed in somewhat elongate spiciform glomerules, these arranged in
panicles; exterior bracts linear, 3-3.5 mm long, puberulent; involucral bracts lance-
oblong, ca. 3 mm long, puberulent, apices acute; corollas ca. 3 mm long, greenish-white,
tube scarcely distinguishable from and gradually expanding into the throat, teeth deltoid,
^V'7*K/^P?3 ^jk.S .
\\lm-lliji
\ $i i * fip/
3^R irJ?:JW
2 rnrn
= 4 cm
FIG. 3. Mi'Jtflnifl gwaco H. & A. A, habit; B, head; C, flower. (After McDaniel et al. 21503
[IBE].)
25
26 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
ca. 0.3mm long. Achenesca. 1.5mm long, black, somewhat hispid at the summit; pappus
bristles ca. 30, white, 2.5-3 mm long, barbellate, thickened at the tips.
Mikania haenkeana occurs at ca. 750-1,700 m elevation in Bolivia, Peru,
Argentina (Salta), and Ecuador. It is characterized by the paniculate in-
florescence with the heads sessile and disposed in somewhat spiciform elongate
glomerules.
HUANUCO. Pampayacu, hacienda at mouth of Rio Chinchao, 3,500 ft, Mac-
bride 5064 (F, GH, US). JUNfN. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, 4,000 ft, Mac-
bride 5271 (F, GH, US), 5425 (F, GH, US), and 5810 (F, GH); La Merced, Soukup
1537 (US).
29. Mikania hexagonocaulis Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 471. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, San Martin, Palo Blanco, al oeste del puente, Mariscal Caceres, Tocache
Nuevo, December 16, 1972, Schunke V. 5734 (F, holotype).
Climbing lianas; stems obscurely hexagonal to somewhat terete at first, later becoming
distinctly hexagonal, reddish-brown, finely puberulent to somewhat scurry. Leaves
ovate-elliptic, semifleshy, intense green when alive, to ca. 14 cm long and 6 cm wide,
margins entire, apices attenuate, bases rounded, pinnately nerved, the nerves prominent,
branching from the midvein and closely following same until separation, above finely
puberulent, below lighter, glandular, somewhat puberulent; petioles 1.5-2 cm long. In-
florescence a corymb, ca. 8 cm wide and 7 cm long; branchlets angular, densely puberu-
lent. Heads sessile, temately arranged, ca. 12 mm long; exterior bracts subulate, ca. 1 mm
long, glandular, weakly puberulent; involucral bracts greenish-yellow, the outer oblong,
ca. 6 mm long, glandular, lightly puberulent, apices rounded with ciliate margins, inner
narrowly obovate, ca. 7 mm long, glandular, puberulent, apices obtuse, margins ciliate;
corollas narrow, white, ca. 5.5 mm long, throat scarcely distinguishable from the tube,
teeth ca. 0.8 mm long, narrowly triangular. Achenes ca. 4.5 mm long, gradually enlarging
from base to apex, olivaceous; pappus bristles 60-70, white, barbellate, ca. 6. 5 mm long.
Mikania hexagonocaulis, known only from the type, is characterized by ter-
nately disposed sessile heads, hexagonal stems, pinnately veined leaves, and
subulate exterior bracts.
30. Mikania hookeriana DC., Prodr. 5: 195. 1836. TYPE: Guyana, Schomburgk
479 (G-DC, holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 820:1.3, F, photo; K,
isotype, not seen).
M. badieri DC, Prodr. 5: 194. 1836. TYPE: Guadeloupe, Badier (G-DC, holotype, not
seen, IDC microfiche 800. 819:11.6).
M. platyphylla DC., Prodr. 5: 195. 1836. TYPE: Peru, Poeppig2184 (G-DC, holotype, not
seen, IDC microfiche 800. 819:111.7, F, photo).
M. imrayana Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 363. 1861. TYPE: Dominica, Imray (K, holotype,
not seen).
Willoughbya imrayana (Griseb.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 372. 1891.
W. platyphylla (DC.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 372. 1891.
Mikania badieri DC. var. kittsiana Urban, Symb. Antill. 5: 220. 1907. TYPE: St. Kitts,
Belmont, Britton & Cowell 385 (US, holotype).
M. vitrea B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 22. 1920. TYPE: Venezuela, Colonia
Tovar, Aragua, Fendler 2349 (GH, holotype; G, not seen, PH, isotypes).
M. hookeriana DC. var. badieri (DC.) B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 52. 1934.
M. hookeriana DC. var. cardiophylla B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 53. 1934.
TYPE: St. Vincent, Smith 1090 (GH, holotype).
M. hookeriana DC. var. kittsiana (Urban) B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 52.
1934.
M. hookeriana DC. var. platyphylla (DC.) B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 52.
1934.
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 27
M. sanjacintensis Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 10: 298. 1946. TYPE: Venezuela,
Montana de San Jacinto, N side of Rio Chama, Merida, Steyermark 56665 (YEN,
holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
M. hookeriania DC. var. crassicaulis Steyermark, Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 658. 1953. TYPE:
Venezuela, Ptarf-tepui, Bolivar, Steyermark 60015 (F, holotype).
Herbaceous to woody lianas; stems terete, striate, often fistulose, glabrous to puberu-
lent, intemodes 5-20 cm long. Leaves ovate to broadly ovate, to ca. 15 cm long and 10 cm
wide, margins entire, often with prominent basal angles, apices acute to acuminate, bases
rounded to slightly cuneate, upper surfaces glabrate to puberulous, often somewhat
muricate, subpinnately 5-nerved from near the base, lower surfaces glabrate to puberu-
lent; petioles to 4 cm long, thin. Inflorescence paniculate, ca. 12 cm in diameter and 12 cm
high; heads disposed in rather dense short spikes or glomerules; branchlets terete to
angular, puberulent. Heads sessile, 8-9 mm long; exterior bracts lance-linear, ca. l /2 the
length of the involucre; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 5 mm long, apices rounded, puberu-
lent, bases swollen; corollas 4-4.5 mm long, white, tube ca. 1.5 mm long, throat narrowly
campanulate, 2-2.5 mm long, teeth ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes 2.5-3.5 mm long, lightly
glandular, brownish, ribs lighter in color; pappus bristles ca. 40, white, 5-6 mm long,
thin, barbellate.
Mikania hookeriana is a very widespread and highly variable species occurring
from southern Mexico throughout Central America to Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.
An excellent account of the variation and synonymy of this species is presented
by Robinson (1934). This species is distinguished by its sessile heads disposed
in short spikes or somewhat elongate glomerules. The swollen bases of the
involucral bracts are also a very useful diagnostic character.
AMAZONAS. Lugar Aintami, monte al lado de Cenepa, Kayap 348 (MO),
Quebrada Shimpunts, alto Rio Cenepa, monte al lado de Shimpunts, 800-1,100
ft, Ancuash 29 (IBE), Kayap 426 (IBE, MO). HUANUCO. Pachitea: Honoria,
Bosque Nacional de Iparia, Rio Pachitea, Schunke V. 1145 (US), Tingo Maria, km
137-138, Carretera Huanuco-Pucallpa, 700 m, Ferreyra 906 (GH, MO, US, USM),
Carretera a Pucallpa, km 210, Ridoutt s. n. (MO, USM), Agua Blanco (Carretera
Monzon), Schunke V. 5868 (F). LORETO. Fortaleza near Yurimaguas, 140 m,
Klug2897 (F, GH, US), Pampayacu, between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, Klug
3205 (US). SAN MARTfN. Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1,200-1,600 m, Klug
3460 (F, GH, MO, US), Mariscal Caceres: Tocache Nuevo, camino a Shunte,
Schunke V. 7344 (MO), Mariscal Caceres: Tocache Nuevo, aeropuerto de To-
cache, 400 m, Schunke V. 3761 (F, US), Rioja, sabana, 1,000-1,100 m, Ferreyra
18470 (MO, USM).
31. Mikania huanucoensis Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 41: 190. 1979.
TYPE: Peru, Huanuco, Rio Negro, pampa of fern, 1,000 m, January 14, 1961,
Woytkowski 6192 (MO, holotype).
Suffrutescent lianas to 10 m tall; stems striate-sulcate, fistulose, glabrous, internodes to
4 cm long. Leaves elliptic, to ca. 5.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, margins entire-revolute,
apices acute to acuminate, bases cuneate, upper surfaces very lightly sericeous toward the
margins, obscurely pinnately nerved, with 2 pairs of secondary nerves arising within the
basal half of the leaf, these arching toward the apex, lower surfaces glabrate to lightly
pilose, the major nerves raised; petioles 0.5-0. 7 cm long, lightly sericeous. Inflorescence a
panicle, to 14cm tall and 8cm wide, the ultimate branchlets spicate, opposite, to ca. 8cm
long; branchlets striate, lightly glandular. Heads 10-11 mm long, loosely disposed; ex-
terior bracts linear to narrowly elliptic, to ca. 1.5 mm long, glandular; involucral bracts
oblong, ca. 6 mm long, glabrate, glandular, apices rounded, puberulent; corollas ca. 5 mm
long, white, glandular, tube ca. 3 mm long, gradually expanding into the throat, throat ca.
1.5 mm long, teeth obtuse, ca. 0.5 mm long, glandular. Achenes ca. 4.5 mm long, glandu-
28 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
lar toward the summit, dark olivaceous, ribs white; pappus bristles 40-45, ca. 5 mm long,
barbellate, somewhat thickened toward the tips.
Mikania huanucoensis, known only from the type, is characterized by its spi-
cately disposed inflorescence with the heads 10-11 mm long.
32. Mikania incasina B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 11. 1922. TYPE:
Peru, Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Mathews s. n. (K, holotype, not seen).
Somewhat shrubby twiners; stems terete, striate, puberulent when young, soon gla-
brate, intemodes to 14 cm long. Leaves triangular-ovate, to ca. 18 cm long and 9 cm wide,
margins entire, apices acuminate, bases truncate to rounded, upper surfaces glabrous,
3-5-nerved from the base, lower surfaces tomentose, the major nerves exserted from
surface, prominent; petioles to 1.5 cm long, puberulent. Inflorescence a panicle, ca. 10 cm
long and 10 cm wide; branchlets terete, puberulent; pedicels 3-5 mm long, puberulent.
Heads ca. 10 mm long; exterior bracts linear, ca. 3 mm long, sparsely puberulent, gener-
ally borne near the summit of the pedicel, but sometimes placed well beneath; involucral
bracts oblong, ca. 6 mm long, somewhat glandular, apices obtuse, lightly puberulent;
corollas 5 mm long, white, tube ca. 3 mm long, thin, throat campanulate-rotate, ca. 0.5
mm long, teeth ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long, with 1 marginal pair of veins and another pair
inward and parallel to the margin. Achenes ca. 4 mm long, olivaceous with white ribs;
pappus bristles 55-60, white, ca. 5.5mm long, barbellate.
Mikania incasina, known only from Peru, is characterized by its rotate-
campanulate corolla throat with the teeth greater in length than the throat.
HUANUCO. Carpish, entre Huanuco y Tingo Maria, 2,800-2,900 m, Ferreyra
2084 (MO, US, USM). JUNfN. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, ca. 4,000 ft, Mac-
bride 5778 (F, GH, US).
33. Mikania infesta B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 37. 1934. TYPE:
Peru, Junin, Pichis Trail, Yapas, alt. 1,350-1,600 m, June 28-29, 1929, Killip &
Smith 25439 (US, holotype).
Woody vines, stems terete, scabrid, internodes to 7 cm long. Leaves elliptic, to ca. 20 cm
long and 7.5 cm wide, margins cuspidate-denticulate, apices acute-acuminate, bases ob-
tuse to rounded, upper surfaces scabrous, pinnately veined, lower surfaces lightly pilose;
petioles 3-3.5 cm long, somewhat scabrous. Inflorescence a panicle, ca. 8 cm in diameter,
the ultimate segments spicately disposed; branchlets terete, scabrid. Heads ca. 5 mm
long; exterior bracts lance-ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long, apices acute, somewhat ciliolate; in-
volucral bracts oblong-ovate, 3.5-4 mm long, sparingly pilose, apices obtuse; corollas ca. 3
mm long, greenish-white, tube ca. 1.5mm long, throat 1 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.5
mm long, pinkish. Achenes immature; pappus bristles ca. 25, white, ca. 4 mm long,
scabrid, thickened at tips.
Mikania infesta, known only from the type, is readily characterized by the
spicately disposed heads and scabrid leaves.
34. Mikania inornata B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 26. 1924. TYPE:
Peru, Ancash, Pampayacu, hacienda at mouth of Rio Chinchao, ca. 3,500 ft,
July 19-25, 1923, Macbride 5061 (F, holotype).
Herbaceous to slightly woody vines; stems somewhat hexagonal, glabrous, intemodes
5-23 cm long. Leaves oblong-ovate, to ca. 10 cm long and 5.5 cm wide, margins entire,
apices acuminate, bases acute to somewhat rounded, surfaces glabrous, 3(-5)-nerved
from the base, reticulating veins obscure; petioles to ca. 4 cm long, glabrous. In-
florescence a lax panicle to ca. 12 cm long and 6 cm in diameter; branchlets hexagonal,
glabrous; pedicels 1-2 mm long, angular, glabrous. Heads ca. 8 mm long; exterior bracts
oblong-ovate, 5-6 mm long, glabrate, apices acute, bases cuneate, margins somewhat
ciliate, surfaces reticulate; involucral bracts ovate-oblong, 4.5-5.5 mm long, glabrate,
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 29
apices obtuse; corollas ca. 5 mm long, tube ca. 2.5 mm long, throat campanulate-rotate, ca.
0. 7 mm long, teeth ca. 1.8 mm long, ovate, with 2 pairs of veins, 1 pair marginal, the other
inward and paralleling the first. Achenes ca. 3 mm long; pappus bristles ca. 100, white, ca.
5 mm long, barbellate, thickened at the tips.
Mikania inornata, known only from the type, is similar in many respects to M.
montana B. L. Robinson, but easily distinguished by its ovate corolla teeth with
two pairs of veins. Mikania montana has linear corolla teeth with one pair of
veins.
35. Mikania iquitosensis B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 38. 1934.
TYPE: Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, woods, ca. 100 m, August 3-11, 1929, Killip &
Smith 27080 (GH, holotype; F, isotype).
Woody vines; stems terete, costate, with solid pith, glabrate, intemodes to 4 cm long.
Leaves oblong, to ca. 8 cm long and 3.5 cm wide, margins entire, apices acute-acuminate,
bases acute to obtuse, upper surfaces glabrate, pinnately nerved, lower surfaces glabrate;
petioles to ca. 8 mm long, puberulent. Inflorescence a lax panicle; bracts linear, to ca. 1 cm
long, puberulent; branchlets angular-costate, puberulent; pedicels ca. 2 mm long. Heads
ca. 7 mm long; exterior bracts lance-linear, 1.5-2 mm long, puberulent; involucral bracts
lance-linear, ca. 5 mm long, glabrate, apices acute-acuminate, slightly erase, bases
slightly enlarged; corollas ca. 5 mm long, greenish-white, tube ca. 1.7 mm long, throat
campanulate-turbinate, ca. 2.3 mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 1 mm long. Achenes ca. 3 mm
long, brownish; pappus bristles ca. 40, white, ca. 5 mm long, barbellate, distinctly thick-
ened at the tips.
Mikania iquitosensis is known only from the type. In many respects it is similar
to M. decora Poepp., but lacks the distinctly racemosely disposed heads and
prominently reticulate leaves of the latter species. The leaves of M. iquitosensis
apparently turn dark brown to blackish upon drying. See M. shushunensis for
distinctions between these two similar species.
36. Mikania jelskii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 475. 1905. TYPE: Peru,
Cajamarca, near Cutervo, Jelski 634 (B, holotype, destroyed, F, photo).
Somewhat woody lianas; stems terete, costate, puberulent, internodes to ca. 8cm long.
Leaves elliptic, to ca. 7 cm long and 3 cm wide, margins entire, apices somewhat at-
tenuate, bases rounded, upper surfaces glabrous, the major nerves arising from near the
base, lower surfaces glabrous; petioles ca. 1.2 mm long, puberulent. Inflorescence
paniculate, heads spicately disposed; branchlets puberulent; pedicels barely perceptible.
Heads 5-7 mm long; exterior bracts ca. Va the length of the involucre, puberulent; in-
volucral bracts oblong, 3-3.8 mm long, puberulent, inner surfaces pearly white, apices
narrowed to an obtuse tip; corollas ca. 2.5 mm long, tube ca. 0.5 mm long, somewhat
bulbous at the base, throat ca. 1.5 mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes ca.
1.5 mm long, black; pappus bristles 30-40, brownish, ca. 3 mm long, barbellate, thickened
at the tips.
Mikania jelskii is known only from Peru at 1,800-2,700 m elevations. It is very
similar to M. oreopola, but the former can be distinguished by its dense in-
florescence with slightly pedicellate heads, puberulent involucral bracts dark-
ened on the outer surface and pearly white inside and pappus bristles with
distinctly thickened tips.
AMAZONAS. Bongora: Hills WNW of Pomacocha, 2,300-2,700 m, Wurdack
929 (US); Chachapoyas, Mathews 1371 (GH, photo & frag.). CUZCO. Vill-
cabamba, hacienda on Rio Chinchao, 6,000 ft, Macbride (F, GH, US). JUNlN.
Huacapistana, 1,800 m, Killip & Smith 24292 (GH).
30 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
37. Mikania juninensis Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 42: 185. 1979. TYPE:
Peru, Junin, Pichis Trail, Porvenir, 1,500-1,900 m, July 3-4, 1929, Killip &
Smith 25912 (GH, holotype; F, isotype).
Subligneous vines; stems terete, velvety tomentulose, internodes ca. 7 mm long. Leaves
ovate, ca. 8.5 cm long and 4.5 cm wide, margins entire, apices acute to rounded, bases
rounded to obtuse, upper surfaces glabrate, pinnately nerved, the major nerves with
dense white appressed pubescence, lower surfaces crisped-hairy (mainly on the nerves),
the veins exserted, lighter than above; petioles 1-2 cm long, velvety tomentulose. In-
florescence a rather open panicle with heads clustered near the tips of the oppositely
borne branchlets, ca. 30 cm long and 15 cm in diameter; branchlets terete, velvety tomen-
tulose; pedicels 2-4 mm long, terete, velvety tomentulose. Heads 4-5 mm long; exterior
bracts ovate-oblong, 1-1.2 mm long, glabrate, apices rounded, irregularly ciliate, borne
well beneath the involucre; involucral bracts oblong, 3 mm long, glabrate, apices
rounded; corollas 3-3.3 mm long, greenish-white, tube 1-1.2 mm long, gradually ex-
panded into the turbinate throat, throat 1-1.2 mm long, teeth lanceolate to narrowly
triangular, ca. 1.3 mm long. Achenes ca. 2 mm long, olivaceous; pappus bristles ca. 30,
white, ca. 3 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania juninensis is known only from two collections from Junin, the type
and the one listed below. It is characterized by open panicles with heads some-
what clustered toward the tips of the branchlets.
JUNlN. Pichis Trail, Dos de Mayo, 1,700-1,900 m, Killip & Smith 25797 (GH).
38. Mikania klugii B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 38. 1934. TYPE:
Peru, Loreto, Florida, Rio Putumayo, at mouth of Rio Zubineta, 180 m,
May-July, 1931, King 2135 (GH, holotype; F, MO, isotypes).
Subligneous lianas; stems terete, costate-striate, puberulent to crisped puberulent (es-
pecially on younger parts), internodes ca. 5 cm long. Leaves ovate (only bracteal leaves
available), to ca. 8 cm long and 5 cm wide, margins entire, apices long-attenuate, bases
rounded to truncate to shortly cuneate, surfaces glabrate, prominently reticulate, sub-
pinnately nerved from near the base; petioles to ca. 2 cm long, sulcate. Inflorescence a
panicle, the ultimate branches spicately disposed, to ca. 30 cm long and 20 cm wide;
branchlets crisped puberulent. Heads sessile, ca. 6 mm long; exterior bracts elliptic-ovate,
0.5-1.0 mm long; involucral bracts elliptic-oblong, ca. 4 mm long, apices acute to a slightly
rounded puberulent tip; corollas ca. 3.5 mm long, tube ca. 2 mm long, throat narrowly
campanulate, ca. 1.0 mm long, teeth acute, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes (immature) ca. 1.8
mm long; pappus bristles ca. 30, white, 4-4.5 mm long, barbellate, often thickened at the
tips.
Mikania klugii, known only from the type, is difficult to distinguish from M.
aquaria. The exterior bract of M. aquaria is around one-half the length of the
involucre, that of M. klugii one-fourth the length of the involucre. Klug 2960,
cited with M. klugii in the original description has, among other differences,
verticillate leaves and is referred to M. simpsonii.
39. Mikania lanceolata Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 17. 1900. TYPE: Ecuador,
"in sylvis temperatis prope Niebli." July 1873, Sodiro 7/1 (B. holotype, de-
stroyed).
Climbing shrubs; stems terete, glaucous-green to purplish, glabrate, internodes to ca. 9
cm long. Leaves lanceolate, subcoriaceous, to ca. 12 cm long and 3 cm wide, margins
entire, apices attenuate, bases rounded to cuneate, upper surfaces glabrate, reticulate,
pinnately nerved, lower surfaces glabrate, lighter than above, prominently reticulate,
veins exserted. Inflorescence a panicle; branchlets puberulent; heads arranged in 3's at
the tips of the branches. Heads ca. 6mm long, sessile; exterior bracts subulate, ca. 0.5mm
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 31
long; involucral bracts spatulate, ca. 3 mm long, lightly puberulent, glandular, apices
rounded; corollas ca. 4 mm long, glandular, tube ca. 1.5 mm long, the base slightly
expanded, throat turbinate-subcylindric, ca. 2mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.5mm long.
Achenes ca. 2 mm long, black, ribs lighter in color; pappus bristles ca. 30, white, ca. 4 mm
long, barbellate.
Mikania lanceolata is a very distinctive species of Peru and Ecuador rec-
ognized by lanceolate leaves and sessile, ternately disposed heads ca. 6 mm
long.
CAJAMARCA. Tambillo, Jelski 601, 604, and 746 (all US).
40. Mikania lancifolia B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 17. 1920. TYPE:
Peru, Puno, between Yuncacoya and Tambo Cachicachi on the way from
Sandia to Chunchusmayo, 1,800-2,200 m, Weberbauer 1137 (B, holotype, de-
stroyed, F, photo).
Twining vines or somewhat shrubby; stems angular to terete, yellow-villous to gla-
brate, internodes to 8 cm long. Leaves lanceolate, to ca. 10 cm long and 3.5 cm wide,
margins remotely callous-denticulate, the teeth ca. 1 cm apart, apices attenuate, bases
acute to obtuse, upper surfaces glabrate, rugulose, prominently reticulate, feather-veined,
lower surfaces glandular, reticulate, veins exserted; petioles to ca. 1.5 cm long, thin.
Inflorescence a lax panicle, to ca. 10 cm in diameter; branchlets pilose; pedicels 3-4 mm
long, slender, lightly pilose. Heads ca. 7 mm long; exterior bracts lance-linear, ca. 2.5 mm
long, borne at the summit of the pedicel; involucral bracts linear-oblong, ca. 4.5 mm long,
glabrate except for the somewhat pilose acute apices; corollas ca. 3 mm long, white, tube
ca. 1 mm long, throat campanulate, ca. 1 mm long, teeth triangular, equaling the throat in
length. Achenes ca. 3 mm long, olivaceous; pappus bristles ca. 35, white, ca. 3.5 mm long,
barbellate.
An excellent diagnostic character of Mikania lancifolia, endemic to Puno, Peru,
is its lanceolate leaves with callous-denticulate margins.
PUNO. Sandia: 3 km above Santo Domingo, 1,950 m, Metcalf 30644 (MO,
US).
41. Mikania lasiopoda B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 27. 1924. TYPE:
Peru, Junin, La Merced, 2,000 ft, August 10-24, 1923, Macbride 5567 (F,
holotype).
Woody lianas; stems terete, costate, setose, internodes to ca. 20 cm long. Leaves nar-
rowly ovate-oblong, to ca. 14 cm long and 6 cm wide, margins entire, apices attenuate,
bases cordate on mature leaves, acute on bracteal leaves, upper surfaces glabrate, pin-
nately nerved, lower surfaces slightly pilose, lighter than above, dark punctate; petioles to
ca. 5 mm long, setose-pilose. Inflorescence a panicle, to ca. 15 cm long and 8 cm wide;
branchlets angular-costate, pilose; pedicels to ca. 3 mm long, pilose. Heads 5-6 mm long;
exterior bracts ovate, to ca. 1.5 mm long, pilose; involucral bracts oblong, 3-3.5 mm long,
glabrous, apices rounded; corollas ca. 3.5 mm long, whitish, tube ca. 1.4 mm long, throat
campanulate, ca. 1.3 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.8 mm long. Achenes ca. 2.5 mm
long, glabrous, light green; pappus bristles 30-35, white, ca. 3.5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania lasiopoda, endemic to Junin, is marginally distinct from the highly
variable M. banisteriae DC., but here maintained as a separate species with
much smaller heads (5-6 mm long), involucral bracts of 3-3.5 mm long, and
smaller corollas and achenes. Older stems lack the dense pubescence normally
present on M. banisteriae.
JUNlN. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, 400 ft, Macbride 5729 (F, GH, US).
32 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
42. Mikania leiostachya Benth., PI. Hartw. 201. 1845. TYPE: Colombia, Cun-
dinamarca, in descent from Guaduas to Honda, Hartweg 1120 (K, holotype,
not seen).
Lianas; stems terete, glabrate to minutely puberulent. Leaves ovate, subcoriaceous, to
ca. 24 cm long and 13 cm wide, margins entire, often slightly recurved, apices acuminate,
bases rounded, surfaces glabrate, subpinnately 5-nerved from near the base, prominently
reticulate, veins exserted; petioles to ca. 3.5 cm long. Inflorescence a panicle, the ultimate
branches spicate; branchlets angled, puberulent. Heads sessile, 5-6 mm long; exterior
bracts lance-ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long, apices acute-acuminate; involucral bracts ovate-
oblong, 3-3.5 mm long, puberulent, apices obtuse to rounded; corollas 2.5-3 mm long,
white, tube 1-1.5 mm long, throat 1-1.5 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.5 mm long.
Achenes ca. 1.5-2 mm long, dark; pappus bristles ca. 35, white, 3.5-4 mm long, barbel-
late, thickened at the tips.
A widely distributed species of Central America and northern South America
characterized by subcoriaceous ovate leaves and spicately disposed heads.
HUANUCO. Huanuco: Caymba, entre Huanuco y Tingo Maria, 150-250 m,
ferreyra 4206 (MO, US, USM). DPTO. UNKNOWN. Chota, Huambos, ca. 2,000
m, Soukup 4521 (US).
43. Mikania lindleyana DC., Prodr. 5: 195. 1836. TYPE: "Guiana" (G-DC,
holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 1820: I.I).
Herbaceous vines; young stems angular, puberulent, soon glabrate, multicostate,
internodes to 17 cm long. Leaves ovate, to ca. 15 cm long and 8 cm wide, margins entire,
apices acuminate, bases rounded, surfaces glabrate, 5-7-nerved from the base; petioles to
6 cm long, glabrate. Inflorescence a corymb, branching trichotomously, ca. 5 cm long and
6 cm wide; branchlets angular, puberulent; pedicels to 6-7 mm long, angular, puberulent.
Heads ca. 8 mm long; exterior bracts ovate, ca. 4 mm long, lightly puberulent to glabrate,
apices acute, prominently nerved; involucral bracts ovate-oblong, ca. 5 mm long, lightly
puberulent, apices rounded; corollas 3-4 mm long, tube and throat about the same length,
throat campanulate, teeth triangular, slightly greater in length than the throat. Achenes
ca. 3 mm long, olivaceous; pappus bristles ca. 4 mm long, carneous, ca. 60, barbellate,
slightly thickened toward the tips.
Mikania lindleyana of Brazil, the Guianas, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Peru, is
characterized by the normally ternately branching corymb.
AMAZON AS. Quebrada chichejam ensa, Rio Cenepa, 920 ft, Ancuash 583
(IBE, MO). JUNfN. Pichis Trail, Yapas, 1,350-1,600 m, Killip & Smith 25482 (GH,
US). LORETO. Iquitos, 100 m, Killip & Smith 27104 (GH, US); Balsapuerto, 220
m, King 3060 (GH, MO, US).
44. Mikania lutescens B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 80: 37. 1928. TYPE:
Peru, Ayacucho, Huanta, Coimacola Valley, 2,900 m, February 28-March 10,
1926, Weberbauer 7574 (F, holotype).
Twining shrubs; stems subterete, glabrate, internodes 2-9 cm long. Leaves triangular,
ca. 5 cm long and 3 cm wide, margins crenate-dentate to coarsely serrate to somewhat
irregularly palmately lobed at the base, the teeth mucronate, apices acute-acuminate,
bases cordate, surfaces glabrate, palmately 5-7-nerved; petioles ca. 2 cm long, thin, con-
nected by a thin lacerate stipule-like ridge. Inflorescence a corymb, ca. 6 cm long and 6 cm
wide; branchlets angular, somewhat winged, glabrous; pedicels to ca. 5 mm long, angu-
lar, winged. Heads ca. 10 mm long; exterior bracts ovate, somewhat petiolate, to ca. 6 mm
long, lightly pilose, apices acute; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, 7-8 mm long, gla-
brous, apices acute-acuminate, the center of each base expanded into a small knoblike
protuberance; corollas ca. 5.2 mm long, reported as yellowish (see below), tube ca. 2.7mm
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 33
long, throat subcylindrical-campanulate, ca. 1 mm long, teeth narrowly triangular, ca. 1.5
mm long. Achenes ca. 3 mm long, glabrous, brownish; pappus bristles ca. 60, white, ca. 7
mm long, barbellate.
Mikania lutescens, known only from the type, is in many respects similar to M.
brachyphylla Hieron., which has somewhat coriaceous leaves usually less than 1
cm long. Mikania lutescens has leaves ca. 5 cm long, membraneous in texture.
Apparently the specific epithet refers to the pale yellow flowers.
45. Mikania marinii Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Arg. Bot. 5: 37. 1953. TYPE: Peru,
Cuzco, Calca, Manto, Lares, en borde de bosque a 2,400 m, August 1950,
Marin 2360 (LP, holotype, not seen).
Scandent vines; stems terete, multistriate, hazel-hispid, 2-3 mm thick, internodes 5-12
cm long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 7-8 mm long and 2. 5-3. 5 cm wide, membranous, apices
attenuate, bases rounded, margins remotely denticulate, teeth 0.1-0.3 mm long, pinnately
5-nerved, minutely bullate, strigose-hispid, below brownish-pubescent; petioles 2-3 cm
long, densely hazel-subretrorse-hispid. Inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate, to ca. 15 cm
long and 8 cm wide; pedicels 2-6 mm long, hispid. Heads large; external bracts widely
lanceolate, hazel-hispid, 2-4 mm long; involucral bracts lanceolate, ca. 8 mm long and 2
mm wide, apices attenuate, submucronate, outer involucral bracts somewhat hirsute,
inner glabrous; corollas 8 mm long, teeth ca. 1 mm long. Achenes 4.5 mm long, glabrate to
lightly sericeo-pubescent at the base; pappus bristles numerous, carneous, ca. 7 mm long.
The above description is compiled from the original publication of Cabrera
(1953), which includes an excellent illustration. This species, known only from
the type, is characterized by hazel-colored pubescence on the young stems,
leaves, and involucral bracts.
46. Mikania mathewsii B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 18. 1920. TYPE:
Peru, without exact location, in the Andes, Mathews 1368 (GH, holotype, F,
photo & fragm.; NY, isotype). Figure 4.
M. tenax Sch.-Bip. ex B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 80:41. 1928. TYPE: Peru, in
mountains near San Govan, July 1854, W. Lechler 2355 (K, holotype, not seen, GH,
photo & fragm., not seen; G, not seen, BR, isotypes).
Somewhat woody lianas; stems terete, puberulent, soon glabrate, the nodes generally
puberulent, internodes to 6 cm long. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong (bracteal leaves
lance-ovate), to ca. 14 cm long and 9 cm wide, margins entire, apices acuminate, bases
acuminate, upper surfaces glabrate, pinnately nerved, with 3 pairs of nerves separating
within the basal Va of the leaf, lower surfaces paler than above, often punctate, glabrate,
the nerves often puberulent; petioles to ca. 2 cm long, puberulent. Inflorescence a panicle
with heads disposed in somewhat dense corymbiform clusters at the tips of the branches;
branchlets appressed pubescent; pedicels to ca. 3 mm long, thin puberulent. Heads 6-7
mm long; exterior bracts lanceolate to ovate, 1.5-2 mm long, margins ciliate, borne at the
base of the pedicel; involucral bracts ovate-oblong, ca. 3.3 mm long, puberulent, espe-
cially at the apex, narrowing to a somewhat tumid base, apices obtuse; corollas ca. 4 mm
long, tube ca. 1.3 mm long, throat subcylindric-semicampanulate, ca. 2.1 mm long, teeth
narrowly triangular, ca. 0.6 mm long. Achenes ca. 2.8 mm long, dark brown; pappus
bristles ca. 30, white, ca. 4.5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania mathewsii is endemic to Peru at elevations up to ca. 1,200 m. It is
characterized by a paniculate inflorescence with heads rather densely clustered
near the tips of the branches.
CUZCO. Quispicanchis: entre Oraya y 15 Mil, 730, Vargas 14597 (US), Quis-
picanchis: Quincemil, 800 m, Marin 1558 (US), Pamaostamso, 970 m, Vargas
11013 (US). HUANUCO. Tingo Maria, Rio Monzon, Ferreyra 10040 (MO, US,
34
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
= 2 mm
= 4 cm
FIG. 4. Mikania matheivsii B. L. Robinson. A, habit; B, head; C, flower; D, leaf. (After
McDaniel & Rimachi 21971 [IBE].)
USM). LORETO. Between Balsapuerto and Moyobamba, 600-1,200 m, King 3205
(F, GH, MO), Coronel Portillo: Padre Abad, granja del Sr. Barrera, 295 m,
Schunke V. s. n. (F), Yurimaguas, lower Rio Huallaga, 135m, Killip & Smith 27556
(F, GH, US) & 27949 (F, GH, US), Iquitos, 200 m, Killip & Smith 26968 (GH, US),
Iquitos, Quisto Cocha, McDaniel & Persinos 10696 (IBE, NATC). SAN MARTfN.
Mariscal Caceres: Tocache Nuevo, camino a Shunte, 500-800 m, Schunke V. 7342
(MO), Rioja, sabana, 1,000-1,100 m, Ferreyra 18462 (MO, USM).
47. Mikania mazanensis Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 31: 275. 1975. TYPE:
Peru, Loreto, Maynas, Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, 100-125 m, February 12,
1935, Schunke 231 (F, holotype; GH, UC, isotypes).
Twining vines; stems obscurely angled, glabrous, internodes 6-14 cm long. Leaves
ovate, 5-10 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, semicoriaceous, margins subentire to weakly crenate-
undulate, apices acute to acuminate, bases subcordate to truncate, upper surfaces gla-
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU
35
brous, weakly muricate, pale green, palmately 5-nerved from the base, major nerves
whitish, lower surfaces glabrous, weakly bullate, pale green, major nerves wide, to 2.5
mm, whitish; petioles 2-3 cm long, glabrous to weakly puberulent, whitish, ca. 2 mm
thick. Inflorescence corymbose, 3-8 cm long, 5-10 cm wide; branchlets angled, glabrous;
pedicels 5-15 mm long, glabrous. Heads 7-10 mm long; exterior bracts subulate to linear,
2-3 mm long, glabrous, borne near the middle or base of pedicel; involucral bracts lance-
elliptic to linear lanceolate, ca. 7 mm long, glabrous to weakly puberulent; corollas sal-
verform, 4.5-4.7 mm long, cream-colored, glabrous, tube ca. 2.5 mm long, glandular near
throat, throat ca. 0.7 mm long, teeth 1.3-1.5 mm long, lanceolate, distinctly longer than
the throat. Achenes (immature) ca. 2.5 mm long, smooth, light olive in color; pappus
bristles ca. 120, in 2 series, reddish in age, ca. 5 mm long, remotely barbellate at base,
distinctly barbellate at tips.
Mikania mazanensis, known only from the type, is readily identified by its
corymbose inflorescence with pedicels 5-15 mm long, the linear to subulate
exterior bract borne well beneath the involucre, the mostly linear-lanceolate
involucral bracts with involute margins, the corolla teeth distinctly longer than
the throat and numerous pappus bristles in two series.
48. Mikania megalophylla Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 31: 276. 1975.
TYPE: Peru, San Martin, Rio Huallaga, S of Shapaja 1-4 km, 900 ft, July 28-30,
1937, Belshaw 3153 (F, holotype; MO, isotype). Figure 5.
Twining lianas to ca. 5 m long; stems terete, striate to sulcate, hollow, glabrous to
villous (at node), intemodes to 10 cm or more. Mature cauline leaves elliptic, 33-40 cm
long, 13-17 cm wide, margins entire to weakly and obscurely crenate, apices cuspidate to
caudate-cuspidate, bases truncate to obtuse, upper surfaces glabrous, dull green, veins
8 cm
4 nun
2 mm
4 cm
FIG. 5. Mikania megalophylla Holmes & McDaniel. A, inflorescence; B, head; C, flower;
D, leaf. (A & D after Belshaw 3153 [F]; B & C after Foster 2467 [IBE].)
36 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
pinnate, exserted, prominent, lower surfaces glabrous, lighter than above, veins exserted,
prominent, slightly puberulent on the major veins; petioles to ca. 4 cm long, glabrous,
sulcate, thick. Inflorescence paniculate, ca. 20 cm long, 7-15 cm wide, open, ultimate
branchlets spicate to glomerate-spicate, 1-4 cm long; branchlets slightly angular, puberu-
lent. Heads sessile, 3.5-5 mm long, somewhat antrorse and paralleling branchlets (rather
than being perpendicular to branchlets); exterior bracts elliptic to narrowly ovate, 2-4 mm
long, glabrous to weakly pilose, margins entire to erase, apices acute to subobtuse;
involucral bracts ovate, 3.5-4 mm long, pilose, margins entire, slightly involute, apices
obtuse, with a tuft of hair; corollas salverform, 2.5-3 mm long, white, sparingly glandular,
tube 1.25-1.5 mm long, throat ca. 1 mm long, teeth ca. 0.5 mm long, triangular. Achenes
ca. 1.5 mm long, glandular, smooth, light to dark brown, with a darkened ring at the
summit near pappus bristles; pappus bristles 30-35, white, ca. 3 mm long, barbellate,
thickened at the tips.
Mikania megalophylla grows at elevations to ca. 900 m in Acre, Brazil;
Huanuco, Madre de Dios; and San Martin, Peru. Mature cauline leaves of this
species are up to 40 cm long, the largest known for the genus.
HUANUCO. Pendencia, in forest, 900 m, Woytkowski 7521 (MO). MADRE DE
DlOS: Manu, forest behind settlement, Foster 2467 (IBE, F, USM). SAN MAR-
TIN. Juan Jui, alto Rio Huallaga, 400-800 m, King 4363 (F, MO), W side of Rio
Huallaga, S of Shapaja 1-4 km, 900 ft, Belshaw 3154 (F, MO, UC), Lamas, arriba
de San Jose de Sisa, selva, 400-450 m, ferreyra 7914 (MO, USM).
49. Mikania micrantha HBK. Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 4: 105. ed. fol. 1818. TYPE:
Venezuela, "prope Caripe Cumanesianum," Humboldt & Bonpland (P,
holotype, not seen). Figure 6.
Kleinia alata G. F. W. Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 249. 1818. nomen confusum (apparently
based upon more than one element). TYPE: not seen, probably nonexistent.
Mikania orinocensis HBK., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 4; 105. ed. fol. 1818. TYPE: Venezuela,
"insulae Pararuma, Missiones del Orinoco," Humboldt & Bonpland (P, holotype).
M. alata (Mey.) DC., Prodr. 5: 197. 1836. (See Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 57.
1934.)
M. subcrenata H. & A., Campanion Hot. Mag. 1: 243. 1836. TYPE: Argentina, woods of
Tucuman, Tweedie 1189 (K, holotype, not seen).
M. umbellifera Gardner, London]. Bot. 4: 109. 1845. TYPE: Brazil, Organs Mts., ca. 4,000
ft, Gardner 483 (K, holotype, not seen).
M. subcymosa Gardner, London J. Bot. 6: 448. 1847. TYPE: Brazil, Goias, Gardner 3271
(K, holotype; NY, P, US, isotypes).
M. scandens var. umbellifera (Gardner) Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 249. 1876.
M. glechomaefolia Schultz-Bip. ex Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 249. 1876. TYPE: not
specified.
M. scandens var. hirsuta Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 47. 1894. TYPE: Colombia, Cauca
prope Cali et Quilichao, Lehman 4888 (B, holotype, destroyed).
Willoughbya micrantha (HBK.) Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4: 211. 1895.
Mikania scandens var. villosa Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 473. 1905. SYNTYPES: Peru,
Tambillo, jelski 600, 640, 641, & 695 (all B, destroyed).
M. micrantha f. hirsuta (Hieron.) B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 43. 1922.
M. sinuata Rusby, Bull. N.Y. Bot. Card. 8: 127. 1912. TYPE: Bolivia, San Juan, March 20,
1902, Williams 207 (NY, holotype, US, isotype).
Herbaceous to semiwoody twiners; stems terete to angled, mostly glabrate, intemodes
5-20 cm long. Leaves ovate, thin, 2-13 cm long and 3-10 cm wide, margins entire to
crenate, undulate, or dentate, apices acute to acuminate, bases cordate, sinuses open,
upper surfaces glabrous, 3-5(7)-nerved from the base, lower surfaces glabrous; petioles
1-8 cm long, glabrous to pilose, slender. Inflorescence a rather large corymbose panicle,
3-6 cm long, 3-10 cm wide; branchlets lightly winged, glabrous. Heads 4-6 mm long;
exterior bracts lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, glabrous, apices acute; involucral bracts ovate-
oblong to rarely elliptic, 3-4 mm long, glabrous, apices acute; corollas campanulate, 2.5-3
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU
37
mm long, white to greenish, lightly glandular, tube 1-1.5 mm long, throat ca. 1 mm long,
teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long, recurved. Achenes 1.5-2 mm long, sparingly glandular,
black; pappus bristles 33-36, white, 2-3 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania micrantha is very widespread in disturbed areas, wet places, river-
banks, etc., to ca. 3,000 m elevation; flowering all year. The species occurs in
wet tropical North America (excluding Florida), the West Indies, and South
America to northern Argentina and is widely naturalized in Southeast Asia, the
East Indies, Sri Lanka, India, Hong Kong, Solomon Island, Guam, Fiji, etc.
Because of the widespread natural distribution and presence of several highly
variable and often confusing characters, Mikania micrantha is often confused
with several other species of Mikania. These include M. scandens, which is
largely confined to the United States, and M. congesta which has the in-
florescence a dense subspherical glomerule. The best diagnostic characters for
M. micrantha include the ovate leaves with cordate bases, large corymbose
panicle, heads 4-6 mm long, involucral bracts normally less than 4 mm long,
and whitish to greenish corollas with recurved teeth.
2 nun
2 nun
FIG. 6. Mikania micrantha HBK. A, habit; B, head; C, flower. (After McDaniel 16221
[IBE].)
38 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
AMAZONAS. Huampani, 600-800 ft, Berlin 1977 (IBE), Quebrada Huampani,
600 ft, Kayap 1167 (MO), Rio Cenepa, La Banda, Huampani, 840 ft, Berlin 287
(MO), Lugar Kayamas, monte orilla de Cenepa, Kayap 274 (GH, MO), Kusa, Rio
Numpakin, 1,100-1,300 ft, Ancuash 60 (MO). ANCASH. Caracha (way from
Supe to Ocros), Weberbauer 2638 (GH). AYACUCHO. Aina, between Haunta
and Rio Apurimac, 750-1,000 m, Killip & Smith 23113 (F, GH, NY, US), Rio
Apurimac valley, near Kimpitiriki, 400 m, Killip & Smith 22851 (GH, NY, US).
CAJAMARCA. Tambillo, Jelski 640 (GH) and 642 (GH, US). CUZCO. Entre
Salvacion y Rio Yunsayo, 620 m, Vargas 16286 (US), entre Sta. Rita y Machupic-
chu, 2,000-2,100 m, Vargas 3356 (F), Callanga, en la purma, 1,500 m, Woytkowski
491 (MO, USM). HUANUCO. Huanuco, 3,000 ft, Macbride 3227 (F, GH),
Huanuco, ca. 7,000 ft, Macbride 3203 (F, GH), Pachitea: Honoria, en bosque alto
en el camino a Ayamiria a 4 km, 300-400 m, Schunke V. 1528 (US), Pachitea:
Honoria, Bosque Nacional de Iparia, Rio Pachitea, cerca 3 km del campamento
Miel de Abeja, 300-400 m, Schunke V. 1836 (F, US), Moena, 600 m, Woytkowski s.
n. (MO, USM). JUNlN. La Merced, 700 ft, Macbride 3203 (US) and 3227 (US).
LIBERTAD. Cicama Valley, on road to Chiclin, Smith 71 (US), Trujillo, near sea
level, Killip & Smith 21502 (F, GH, NY, US). LIMA. Barranca Hda. Molina, 320
m, Vargas 4617 (F), Ridoutt s. n. (MO, USM), Chosica, 3,000 ft, Macbride (F, GH),
Chosica, Zuriiga s. n. (MO, USM), Esposto s. n. (IBE, MO, USM), Surco, 2,000 m,
Asplund 11035 (US), Lima, Gaudichaux s. n. (GH), Lima, Wilkes89 (GH, NY, US),
near Lima, Nation 203 (K), Lima, Anderson s. n. (NY), Hacienda Patao, Barranca,
camino a orillas del Rio Pativilca, Ridoutt s. n. (MO, USM), Nafta, a 20 km E de
Lima, Ferreyra 10548 (MO, USM). LORETO. Balsapuerto, 220 m, Klug 2977 (F,
GH, MICH, MO, NY, US), Maynas: Fernando Lores, Dos Unidos, Rio
Amazonas below Capironal, big bend above Rio Tahuayo, McDaniel & Rimachi
(F, IBE, MO), Maynas: Mazan, Baradero de Mazan, near Mazan, McDaniel &
Rimachi (IBE, NATC), Maynas: Alto Nanay, Trocha a Santa Rosa, a 3 km de
Santa Maria de Nanay, 130 m, Schunke V. 2502 (US), Alto Nanay, Rio Nanay just
below mouth of Quebrada Anguilla, McDaniel et al. 21507 (AMAZ, F, IBE, MO,
NATC, NY, RB, US, USM), Manfinfa on the upper Rio Nanay, Williams 1105 (F,
GH), Maynas: Iquitos, Isla de Escabino near Santa Maria de Nanay, McDaniel &
Rimachi (IBE, NATC), Maynas: Iquitos, Versailles, McDaniel 11744 (FSU, IBE,
MO), lower Rio Nanay, Williams 492 & 523 (both F, GH), Rio Nanay just below
Moronacocha near Iquitos, 120 m, Gentry & Daly 19125 (MO), lower Rio Hual-
laga, 155-210 m, Williams 4703 (F, GH), Pebas on the Amazon River, Williams
1860 (F, GH), La Victoria on the Amazon River, Williams 3009 (F, GH), Rio
Maranon valley, 150 m, barranca between mouth of Rio Monora and Rio
Pastaza, Killip et al. 29232 (NY, US), IVTTA, km 59, Pucallpa-Tingo Maria road,
Gentry et al. 18591 (MO), Coronel Portillo: Cerca a Neshuya, IVITA, selva tropi-
cal, 250 m, Ferreyra 17183 & 27563 (both MO, USM), Bosque Nacional von
Humboldt, km 86, Pucallpa-Tingo Maria road, 300 m, Gentry et al. 18647 (MO),
San Jorge, cerca Pucallpa, 280-300 m, Ferreyra 13006 (MO, USM). MADRE DE
DfOS. Manu: Parque Nacional de Manii, several miles upriver from Cocha
Cashii, Foster 2706 (IBE), Cocha Cashii, Foster et al. 3310 (IBE). PIURA: Huan-
cabamba, entre Serran y Canchaque, 500-600 m, Ferreyra 10779 (MO, USM).
SAN MARTIN: Juan Jui, alto Rio Huallaga, 400-800 m, Klug 4307 (F, GH, MO,
NY, UC, US), Tarapoto-Yurimaguas Highway, km 14-17, 820-850 m, McDaniel
13797 (IBE, NATC), Mariscal Caceres: Tocache Nuevo, Quebrada de Ishichimi,
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 39
Schunke V. 3912 (IBE), Moyobamba, Mathews 1836 (BR, K), San Roque, 1,350-
1,500 m, Williams 7058 & 7746 (both F, GH), Zepelacio, near Moyobamba,
1,200-1,600 m, Klug 3453 (F, GH, MO, NY, US).
50. Mikania microptera DC., Prodr. 5: 196. 1836. TYPE: Brasil, Bahia, Blanchet
1710 (G-DC, holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 820:11.2; MO, isotype).
M. scandens (L.) Willd. var. microptera (DC.) Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 259. 1876.
M. hexagona B. L. Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 47: 196. 1911. TYPE: Venezuela, near
Tovar, 1,700 m, 1854-55, Fendler626 (GH, holotype).
Vigorous herbaceous twiners; stems hexagonal, winged, younger parts puberulent to
pilose, soon glabrate, internodes 10-20 cm long. Leaves ovate to triangular, 5-15 cm long
and 3-18 cm wide, margins coarsely serrate to dentate to crenate, often with two di-
vergent, pointed lateral lobes, apices acute to attenuate, bases cordate, sinuses wide,
open, broadly cuneate on petiole at point of insertion, upper surfaces pale green, gla-
brous, 3-5-nerved from the base, lower surfaces lighter than above, glabrous, sometimes
glandular, veins prominent, lightly pilose; petioles 3-8 cm long, weakly winged, glabrous
to slightly villous. Inflorescence corymbose, terminal, 4-8 cm long and 5-12 cm wide;
branchlets pilose, winged; pedicels 3-10 mm long, angled, winged, pilose. Heads 6-8 mm
long; exterior bracts linear to lanceolate, ca. 3 mm long, pilose, apices acute to attenuate;
involucral bracts narrowly elliptic to oblong, 5-6 mm long, lightly pilose, weakly nerved,
margins thin, apices acute to rounded, often with mucronate tips; corollas ca. 4 mm long,
white to greenish, sparingly glandular, tube ca. 2 mm long, throat ca. 0.5 mm long, teeth
longer than the throat, lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm long. Achenes 2.7-3.5 mm long, glandular,
tan to brown; pappus bristles 40-50, white, ca. 3.5 mm long, barbellate, gradually thin-
ning toward the tips.
Mikania microptera occurs on riverbanks and in other wet places to ca. 1,000
m; flowering July-February, occasionally at other times. It is known from wet
tropical west and central Africa, and South America, the Guianas and western
Venezuela, the Amazon Basin (Peru, Bolivia), and Amapa, Bahia, and Parana
Brasil. Mikania microptera apparently is native to both continents, though it
appears with more regularity in African collections, possibly indicating more
extensive and thorough collecting in Africa than South America. This species is
very readily identified by its distinctly hexagonal usually glabrate stems with
narrow wings.
LORETO. Maynas: Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, 100-125 m, Schunke 386 (F,
US); Dtto. Iquitos: Rio Itaya, trocha de Sanangal, disturbed forest of restinga,
McDaniel & Rimachi 23282 (AMAZ, DUKE, F, FLAS, FSU, GA, IBE, MO, NY,
RSA, SMU, US, USM, VDB); Carretera de Zungaro Cocha, near Quebrada de
Shushuna, McDaniel & Rimachi 23301 (ALA, AMAZ, DUKE, F, FLAS, FSU, GA,
IBE, LACM, MO, NATC, NO, RB, SMU, TENN, US, USM, VDB); exact location
unknown, Poeppig 2335 (P). SAN MARTfN. Tocache Nuevo, Quebrada de
Huaquisha, margen izquierda del Rio Huallaga, 400 m, Schunke V. 7017 (MO).
51. Mikania montana B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 29. 1924. TYPE:
Peru, Huacachi near Muna, 1,982 m, May 20-June 1, 1923, Macbride 4169 (F,
holotype).
Lianas; stems terete, somewhat succulent, glabrate, internodes 3-7 cm long. Leaves
ovate, fleshy, to ca. 5 cm long and 3 cm wide, margins entire to somewhat cuspidate-
denticulate, apices acute, bases rounded to an acute insertion, surfaces glabrous, 5-7-
nerved from the base, reticulate-areolate; petioles to ca. 2 cm long, glabrate, connected by
a stipule-like annular ring. Inflorescence a corymb, to ca. 8 cm in diameter; branchlets
angled, puberulent; pedicels to ca. 4 mm long, puberulent. Heads ca. 10 mm long; exterior
40 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1 mm long, prominently reticulate, apices acute, borne at the
top of the pedicel; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 8 mm long, glabrate except for the ciliated
acute apices; corollas 5.5 mm long, greenish to yellow-green, tube ca. 3 mm long, throat
ca. 0.5mm long, teeth linear, ca. 2.5mm long. Achenesca. 4.5mm long, glabrous; pappus
bristles ca. 80, white, ca. 5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania montana is thus far known only from Peru at elevations above 1,900
m.
CUZCO. La Convencion, on steep dry ridges ca. Vz-way between Camp 2V2
and Camp 3, 1,980 m, Dudley 10633A (US); La Convencion, Camp 2 J /z on sharp
ridge, ca. 1,950 m, ca. 3 A way to Camp 3, Dudley 10524 (US); Paucartambo,
Cordillera de Tres Cruces, 3,600 m, Vargas 2231 (F); Pillahuata, Cerro de Cusil-
luyoc, forested cliff above Rio Pillahuata, 2,300-2,400 m, Pennell 14002 (F, US).
52. Mikania ochroleuca B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 80: 38. 1928. TYPE:
Brasil, Amazonas, Rio Acre, Seringal Sao Francisco, July 1911, We 9886 (K,
holotype, not seen, GH, photo & fragm.).
Twining vines; stems terete, minutely crisped puberulent, internodes to 16 cm. Leaves
deltoid-ovate, 7-8 cm long and 5-6.5 cm wide, bases hastate, 3-5-nerved from the base,
apices acuminate, basal lobes acute to subacute, glabrous above and below, margins
entire to undulate; petioles 3-3.5 cm long. Inflorescence paniculate, 7-13 cm high and
6-10 cm wide, ultimate branchlets 1-2 cm long with spicately arranged heads, puberulent.
Heads sessile to shortly pedicellate, 5-7 mm long; exterior bracts linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5
mm long, lightly puberulent, uninervate, borne at top of pedicel; involucral bracts
oblanceolate-oblong, ca. 4 mm long, 3-5-nerved, glabrate, glandular-atomiferous with
somewhat orange glands, apices acute to obtuse, bases acute; corollas 3 mm long,
whitish-yellow, tube ca. 2 mm long, throat salverform, ca. 0.5 mm long, teeth deltoid-
ovate, ca. 0.5 mm long, recurved. Achenes ca. 2 mm long, black with white ribs, glandu-
lar; pappus bristles 30-40, white, ca. 2.5 mm long.
Mikania ochroleuca was previously known only from the type. It is similar in
many respects, according to Robinson (1928), to M. hastifolia of Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, a plant with larger heads and achenes 2x as long as M. ochroleuca.
CUZCO. Quispicanchis: entre Inambari y 15 Mil, 500-650 m, Vargas 16528
(US).
53. Mikania oreopola B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 16. 1922. TYPE:
Peru, St. Gavan, July 1852, Lechler2315 (K, holotype, not seen; GH, isotype).
Slender twiners; stems somewhat hexagonal, costate, hollow, glabrous to slightly pu-
berulent, internodes 12-17 cm long. Leaves elliptic to ovate to ca. 20 cm long and 10 cm
wide, margins more or less entire, apices acuminate, bases narrowed to cuneate, upper
surfaces glabrous, 5-nerved from near the base, secondary veins prominent, arching to
the apex and somewhat parallel to the margins, reticulating veins prominent, exserted,
lower surfaces glabrous to weakly puberulent; petioles to ca. 2 cm long, glabrate. In-
florescence spicate; branchlets terete, costate, glabrous. Heads ca. 5 mm long; exterior
bracts lance-linear, ca. 0.7 mm long; involucral bracts oblong, 2.5-3 mm long, glabrous,
apices rounded; corollas semifunnelform, ca. 2.5-3 mm long, tube 1-1.2 mm long, throat
0.7-1 mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long, glandular. Achenes ca. 1.8 mm long,
glandular toward the summit, black, ribs white; pappus bristles ca. 40, white, ca. 2.5 mm
long, barbellate.
Mikania oreopola is known at present only from Peru.
AMAZONAS. Quebrada Huampani, Rio Cenepa, 700-800 ft, Ancuash 126
(IBE, MO). CUZCO. Quispicanchis: Entre 15 Mil & Sn. Lorenzo, 700 m, Vargas
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 41
U860 (US). HUANUCO. Huanuco: Cerca Tingo Maria, entre Huanuco y
Pucallpa, 600-700 m, Ferreyra 918 (US, USM). JUNlN. La Merced, Hacienda
Schunke, ca. 4,000 ft, Macbride 5731 (F, GH, US). LORETO. Boqueron Padre
Abad, 470 m, Woytkowski 34419 (F, MO). SAN MARTfN. Huallaga, Muna,
2,300-2,400 m, Weberbauer 6713 (F, GH, US).
54. Mikania parvicapitulata Hieron., Hot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 392. 1908. TYPE:
Peru, Huanuco, Huamalies, mountains to S of village of Monzon, 2,500-2,900
m, Weberbauer 3405 (B, holotype, destroyed, F, GH, photos).
Twining shrubs; stems terete, at first rusty or dark villous, internodes 1-5 cm long.
Leaves broadly elliptic, at most 4.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, margins entire, apices
minutely toothed, mucronate, bases acute, upper and lower surfaces glandular-punctate,
pinnately veined, with 2 pairs of lateral nerves beginning within 1 cm of base; petioles
0.5-1 cm long. Inflorescence a panicle with heads ultimately disposed in racemes;
pedicels 1.5-3 mm long. Heads small for genus (less than 4 mm?); exterior bracts linear,
ca. 1.5 mm long; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 2.5 mm long, thickish, rather densely
glandular, 1-nerved, villous on dorsal surface, apices subtruncate; corollas ca. 3 mm long,
whitish-yellow, with globular sessile glands, tube ca. 1 mm long, throat turbinate, ca. 1.5
mm long; corolla teeth deltoid-ovate, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes (immature) ca. 1 mm long,
sessile glands on angles; pappus bristles 35-40, yellowish-white.
Mikania parvicapitulata is known only from the type and no specimen was
seen. The description given here is condensed from that of Robinson (1922) and
characters discernible from photos of the type. The inflorescence of this species
suggests the Bolivian M. dioscoreoides in head size, denseness, and disposition.
55. Mikania parviflora (Aubl.) Karst., Deutsche Fl. 1061. 1883.
Eupatorium parviflorum Aubl., PI. Guian. 2: 797. 1775. TYPE: not seen.
. amarum Vahl. Symb. 3: 93. 1794. TYPE: not seen.
Mikania amara (Vahl) Willd., Sp. PI. 3: 1744. 1803.
M. loretensis B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 15. 1922. TYPE: Peru, Loreto,
Maynas, Iquitos, Ule 6338 (K, holotype, not seen, GH, photo & fragm.).
Lianas; stems terete, finely puberulent, internodes to 20 cm or more. Leaves ovate, to
ca. 15 cm long and 11 cm wide, margins entire, apices acute to acuminate, bases rounded
to subcordate, texture somewhat chartaceous-coriaceous, upper surfaces glabrate to
lightly puberulent, veins prominent, exserted, pinnate; petioles to ca. 5 cm long, terete,
glabrous to puberulent. Inflorescence a corymb, trichotomously branching, ca. 10 cm in
diameter; branchlets terete to irregularly angled, puberulent. Heads sessile, ternately
disposed, 9-10 mm long; exterior bracts spatulate-elliptic, somewhat petiolate, ca. 3.5 mm
long, apices acute to rounded, bases cuneate, borne at summit of pedicel; involucral
bracts oblong, 6-7 mm long, glabrate to puberulent (especially at apex), apices rounded,
bases somewhat swollen; corollas ca. 4-4.5 mm long, white to lilac in color, tube 1.5-1.8
mm long, throat cylindric to narrowly campanulate, 2.2-2.5 mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.3
mm long, glandular. Achenes ca. 4.0 mm long, somewhat greenish to brownish; pappus
bristles ca. 50, carneous in age, 4.5-5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania parviflora of northern South America is nomenclaturally the oldest
name of a difficult group of closely related plants with sessile, ternately ar-
ranged heads. The plant is characterized by its ovate leaves with pinnate vena-
tion, somewhat petiolate exterior bract, and corolla teeth much shorter than the
length of the throat.
AMAZONAS. Quebrada Wampushik entsa, monte, 940 m, Kayap 958 (MO),
Bagua: Valley of Rio Maranon near Cascadas de Mayasi, about km 278 of Mara-
non Road, Wurdack 1928 (GH, US). LORETO. Balsapuerto, 220 m, Klug 3060 (F),
42 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
Rio Paranapura above Yurimaguas, Croat 17939 (MO), along Rio Huallaga in
vicinity of Lagunas, Croat 17861 (MO), Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, 100-125 m,
/. M. Schunke 29 (GH, MO, USM) & 204 (MO, USM), Iquitos, Ule 6235 (GH),
Iquitos, 100 m, Killip & Smith 27355 (GH, US), Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 m,
Klug 837 (F, US), along Rio Amazon S of Iquitos, Croat 19307 (IBE), Carretera de
San Jose across Rio Itaya, Rimachi 737 (IBE, NATC), Santa Ana on the upper Rio
Nanay, Williams 1223 (GH), Rio Nanay, vicinity of Santa Maria de Nanay, 120
m, Gentry & Ayala 15564 (MO), Boqueron del Padre Abad, 470 m, Woytkowski
s.n. (MO, USM). SAN MARTfN. Tarapoto, Spruce 4118 (GH), Mariscal Caceres:
Tocache Nuevo, Puerto Pizana, 350 m, Schunke V. 6955 (MO).
56. Mikania pendula Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 37: 472. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, Cusco, Convencion, Quellomayo to Lucomayo, 2,800 m, July 26, 1944,
Vargas 4485 (F, holotype).
Slightly woody lianas; stems terete, striate-costulate, glabrous to sparingly puberulent,
intemodes to 12 cm long. Leaves ovate, to 10 cm long and 5 cm wide, margins serrate,
teeth ca. 1 cm apart, apices attenuate, bases subcordate, upper surfaces glabrous, 5-7-
nerved from the base, tertiary veins prominent, lower surfaces glabrate, often glandular-
atomiferous; petioles ca. 3.5 cm long, glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, ultimate
branches bearing spicately arranged heads; branchlets irregularly angled to flattened,
slightly pilose. Heads 5-6 mm long; exterior bracts elliptic, ca. Vz the length of the in-
volucral bracts, glabrate, somewhat ciliate toward the rounded apex; involucral scales
oblong, 3-4.5 mm long, glabrate to puberulent, margins entire, apices obtuse, bases
slightly enlarged; corollas narrowly funnelform, 3-4 mm long, glandular, tube 1-2 mm
long, throat gradually expanded, 1-2 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes
ca. 2 mm long, greenish; pappus bristles 35-40, white, ca. 3 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania pendula is known only from Cuzco, Peru. The ovate leaves with
subcordate bases, palmate veins, and serrate margins provide ample distinction
from all known Peruvian, Brazilian, or Bolivian species of Mikania with spi-
cately disposed heads.
CUZCO. Huallpacunca: Pillahuata, Paucantambo, 2,800-3,100 m, Vargas 1917
(GH).
57. Mikania psilostachya DC., Prodr. 5: 190. 1836. TYPE: Peru, Poeppig 2344
(G-DC, holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 818:11.3, F, photo). Figure 7.
M. scabra DC, Prodr. 5: 190. 1836. TYPE: French Guiana, Cayenne, Patris (G-DC,
holotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 818: II. 5, F, photo).
M. racemulosa Benth., Ann. Nat. Hist. 2: 109. 1839. TYPE: British Guiana, Schomburgk
480 (K, holotype, not seen; F, US, isotypes).
M. consanguinea Gardner, London J. Bot. 6: 448. 1847. TYPE: not seen.
M. psilostachya DC. var. scabra (DC.) Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 265. 1876.
M. psilostachya DC. var. racemulosa (Benth.) Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 265. 1876.
M. lima Schlecht in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 700. 1876. TYPE: not seen.
M. moyabambensis Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40: 393. 1908. TYPE: Peru, Amazonas,
Moyabamba, Weberbauer 4476 (B, holotype, not seen, F, photo; GH, isotype).
M. karuaiensis Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 10: 296. 1946. TYPE: Venezuela,
Bolivar, Santa Teresita de Kavanayin, Gran Sabana, Steyermark 59372 (YEN,
holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
Vigorous shrubby twiners; stems terete to obscurely quadrangular, solid, striate,
densely rusty velvety, internodes to 20 cm or more. Leaves elliptic to ovate, to 13 cm long
and 5 cm wide, pinnately nerved, reticulating veins prominent, exceedingly scabrous
above, below usually puberulent and densely glandular-atomiferous, bases acute to
rounded, apices acute to attenuate, margins entire, or undulate or sometimes prominently
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU
43
serrate; petioles 1-3 cm long, densely rusty puberulent. Inflorescence paniculate with
elongate spicate to racemose branches, puberulent with curved pubescence. Heads 8-11
mm long, sessile to pedicellate (up to 6 mm long); exterior bracts linear-lanceolate, at base
of pedicel, puberulent; involucral bracts oblong with acute apices, puberulent, somewhat
glandular, 5-6 mm long; corollas ca. 5 mm long, white, tube short, ca. 1 mm long, throat
turbinate-subcylindric, ca. 4 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes ca. 3
mm long, glandular; pappus bristles ca. 40, white, 5-6 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania psilostachya occurs from Panama throughout South America to
Bolivia and is widespread in Peru, to ca. 1,500 m elevation. As in the case of
many species of Mikania with wide distributions, this species exhibits great
variation, that when studied for limited areas, may appear ample for specific
delimitation. However, when this "complex" is examined as a whole, inter-
mediates are encountered and it becomes apparent that there is no justification
for retention of many of the proposed species. This species is readily identified
by its scabrous leaves, large paniculate inflorescence with spicately or
racemosely disposed heads, rusty pubescence of the stems, and the glandular
nature of the involucral bracts and achenes.
AMAZONAS. Bagua: near Campamento Stte. Montenegro, km 280-284 of
Maranon Road, 450-600 m, Wurdack 1873 (US), al lado de Quebrada Sasa, 600 ft,
2 nun
4 cm
FIG. 7. Mikania psilostachya DC. A, habit; B, head; C, flower. (After McDaniel & Rimachi
22025 [IBE].)
44 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
Kayap 995 (MO), trail N of Huampani, 600-800 ft, Berlin 1844 (IBE),
Moyobamba, 890 m, Woytkowski s. n. (MO, USM), 1,200 m, Noriega s. n. (MO,
USM). JUNlN. Colonia Perene, 680 m, Killip & Smith 25004 (GH, US), E of
Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 1,100 m, Killip & Smith 23844 (GH, US), Pichis
Trail, San Nicolas, 1,100 m, Killip & Smith 26071 (GH, US), San Ramon, 900-
1,300 m, Killip & Smith 24774 (GH, US). LORETO. Boqueron Padre Abad, 470 m,
Woytkowski 34365 (F, MO), Coronel Portillo: Boqueron Padre Abad, entreTingo
Maria y Pucallpa, 470 m, Woytkowski s. n. (US), Florida, Rio Putumayo, at
mouth of Rio Zubineta, 180 m, Klug 2238 (F, GH, MO, US), Gamitanacocha, Rio
Mazan, 100-125 m,/. M. Schunke 388 (F, GH, US), Rio Putumayo near Colombia
boundary, Klug 1618 (F, GH, MO, US), Yurimaguas on the lower Rio Huallaga,
Williams 7822 (GH), Iquitos, 120 m, Williams 3634 & 7973 (both F, GH), Iquitos,
Versailes, 100-110 m, McDaniel 16825 (IBE, MO, NATC), Iquitos, Williams 1375
(F, GH), Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 m, Klug 331 (F, US). SAN MARTIN.
Mishquiyacu, NE of Moyobamba, 1,800 m, Woytkowski 35338 (F, MO, UC),
Puerto Huicte (Putante), 500-600 m, Ferreyra 4404 (MO, US, USM), San Roque,
1,350-1,500 m, Williams 7504 (F), Saposa, 400 m, Woytkowski 7254 (GH),
Tarapoto, We 6781 (GH), Tarapoto, 830 m, Woytkowski 35044 (F, MO, USM),
Mariscal Caceres: Tocache Nuevo, camino a Shunte, al este del Puente de Palo
Blanco, 500-800 m, Schunke V. 7371 (IBE, MO), Nichiza, Sanja Seca de Tipishea,
8 km de Progresso, Schunke V. 7920 (MO), Tocache Nuevo, Fundo Melodia,
Schunke V. 7464 (MO), Tocache, Huallaga, Poeppig 1888 (F, GH), Tocache, entre
Uchiza y Juanjui, 400-450 m, Ferreyra 447 (MO, USM).
58. Mikania pycnadenia B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 18. 1922. TYPE:
Peru, San Martin, Tarapoto, Spruce s. n. (K, holotype, not seen, GH, photo &
fragm.).
Branching herbaceous twiners; stems terete, tawny tomentulose, internodes to 12 cm
long. Leaves ovate, to ca. 6 cm long and 3 cm wide, margins revolute, apices acuminate,
bases rounded, upper surfaces puberulent, lightly covered with sessile orange globular
glands, 5-nerved from near the base, lower surfaces pubescent, densely covered with
sessile orange globular glands, prominently reticulate, veins exserted; petioles to 4 mm
long, terete, tomentulose. Inflorescence a somewhat dense corymb, conspicuously brac-
teate, ca. 7 cm wide and 4 cm long. Heads sessile, arranged in 3's, 9-10 mm long; exterior
bracts ovate; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 6.5 mm long, puberulent, glandular, apices
rounded; corollas ca. 4.5 mm long, tube gradually expanded into the funnelform throat,
teeth broadly deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long, hispidulous at the apex. Achenes ca. 4.3 mm long,
pale brown; pappus bristles ca. 65, fulvous, 4.5-5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania pycnadenia is known only from the type. The above description was
compiled from that of Robinson (1922) and items obtainable from a photo and
fragments of the type. This species is well marked by its glandular leaves and
petioles less than 5 mm long.
59. Mikania rimachii Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 41: 195. 1979. TYPE:
Peru, Loreto, Maynas, Dtto. Indiana, ca. 3 km up Rio Amazonas from Indiana
on opposite bank, May 26, 1978, McDaniel, Rimachi, Holmes & Bruza 21646
(IBE, holotype; AMAZ, F, FSU, GA, K, MO, NATC, NY, RB, RSA, TENN, US,
USM, VDB, isotypes). Figure 8.
M. scandens (L.) Willd. var. alata Baker in Mart., Fl. Bras. 6: 250. 1876. TYPE: Brasil,
Santarem, Spruce 983 (F, isorype) notM. alata (G. F. Mey.) DC., Prodr. 5: 197. 1836.
2 nun
2 nun
4 cm
FIG. 8. Mikania rimachii Holmes & McDaniel. A, inflorescence; B, head; C, flower; D,
habit. (After McDaniel et al. 21646 [IBE].)
45
46 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
Lianas; stems terete, weakly striate, glabrate, internodes to 11 cm or more. Leaves
broadly ovate, to ca. 14 cm long and 10 cm wide, margins entire, apices acuminate, bases
shallowly cordate, upper surfaces glabrous, palmately 5-7-nerved, lower surfaces sparsely
muricate, lighter than above, often purple; petioles to ca. 6 cm long, glabrate. In-
florescence a somewhat cymose corymb, to ca. 6.5 cm long and 11 cm in diameter;
branchlets angular, winged, lightly puberulent, reddish; pedicels ca. 4 mm long. Heads
6.5-7.5 mm long; exterior bracts lanceolate to ovate, 2.5-3 mm long, glabrate to lightly
puberulent, often reddish, apices acute to acuminate, borne at the summit of the pedicel;
involucral bracts linear-oblong, ca. 5.5-6.5 mm long, glabrate to sparsely puberulent
(especially at the base), with 1-3 somewhat obscure but visible nerves, stramineous in
color, apices acute; corollas ca. 3.5 mm long, tube ca. 1.7 mm long, throat campanulate-
funnelform, 0.7-0.8 mm long, teeth 1-1.1 mm long, about the same length to slightly
longer than the throat, triangular. Achenes ca. 3 mm long, glabrous, greenish (slightly
immature), ribs with somewhat narrow subherbaceous wings; pappus bristles ca. 32,
thin, white, ca. 3.5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania rimachii closely resembles M. micrantha but may be distinguished by
its larger heads of ca. 7 mm long, larger involucral bracts over 5 mm long and
corolla teeth about the same length as the throat. Mikania micrantha has heads 6
mm or less long, involucral bracts 4 mm or less long, and corolla teeth distinctly
shorter than the throat. Experience in the field has shown that this species may
be distinguished at a glance, even when sterile, by its broadly ovate leaves with
shallowly cordate bases and often purplish lower surfaces. For a detailed dis-
cussion of the nomenclature of this species, see Holmes & McDaniel (1979).
LORETO. Maynas: Dtto. Iquitos, Rio Amazonas SE of Iquitos across from
Padre Isla, near Sacarita de Yanayacu, McDaniel & Rimachi 18963 (IBE, NATC);
Iquitos, Ushpa-Cana, across Rio Itaya, 100-110 m, McDaniel 10879 (AMAZ, IBE,
NATC, RB, USM); Dtto. Mazan, Rio Napo near Mazan. 110 m, Mexia 6467 (F,
GH, MICH, MO, NO, NY, PH, TEX, UC), Dtto. Las Amazonas, Rio Amazonas
just above Orellana, Rimachi 4423 (AMAZ, F, FSU, GA, IBE, MO, NATC, NY,
RSA, SMU, US, USM, VDB).
60. Mikania rugosa B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 20. 1920. TYPE:
Peru, Puno, Ramospata, between Sandia and Chunchusmayo, 2,400-2,500 m,
July 27, 1902, Weberbauer 1323 (B, holotype, destroyed, GH, photo & fragm.).
Twining shrubs; stems somewhat 6-angled, densely and sometimes retrorsely tawny
tomentose, internodes to 12 cm long. Leaves narrowly ovate, to ca. 11 cm long and 5.5 cm
wide, margins entire to remotely and obscurely cuspidate-denticulate, apices attenuate,
bases shallowly cordate, upper surfaces subcoriaceous, finely fulvous-pilose, bullate-
rugose, 3-7-nerved from the base, lower surfaces densely fulvous-tomentose; petioles to
ca. 2.5 cm long, terete, tawny- tomentose, opposite petioles connate by a transverse fold or
ring. Inflorescence a panicle, to ca. 5 dm long and 2.5 dm in diameter; branchlets tawny-
tomentose; pedicels 0.5-5 mm long, tawny-tomentose. Heads ca. 6 mm long; exterior
bracts lance-oblong, to ca. 4 mm long, tomentose, borne at the summit of the pedicel;
involucral bracts oblanceolate-oblong, to ca. 4 mm long, tawny-tomentose, apices sub-
acute; corollas ca. 3.5 mm long, whitish, tube ca. 1.5 mm long, appressed hirtellous
toward the summit, throat broadly campanulate, ca. 1 mm long, teeth ovate-lanceolate,
ca. 1 mm long. Achenes ca. 3 mm long; pappus bristles ca. 30, whitish, ca. 4.5 mm long,
barbellate.
Mikania rugosa is known only from the type material. It is very near to M.
banisteriae in characters of inflorescence, corolla, pubescence, etc., but may be
distinguished by its somewhat hexagonal stems and densely tawny-
tomentulose involucral bracts. Mikania banisteriae has terete stems and glabrate
involucral bracts. Much of the above description is from Robinson (1922).
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU
47
61. Mikania shushunensis Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 45: 298. 1980.
TYPE: Peru, Loreto, Maynas, Dtto. Iquitos, Carretera de Zungaro Cocha near
Quebrada de Shushuna, September 20, 1978, Rimachi 3984 (IBE, holotype;
AMAZ, F, NATC, US, USM, isotypes). Figure 9.
Lianas; stems terete, costate, glabrous, pithy, internodes to ca. 7 cm long. Leaves
lanceolate to ovate, to 10 cm long and 4.5 cm wide, apices attenuate, bases cuneate,
margins entire, pinnately nerved, surfaces glabrous, lower surfaces prominently re-
ticulate; petioles ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous. Inflorescence a panicle, to ca. 15 cm long and
7cm in diameter; branchlets puberulent. Heads somewhat racemosely disposed, ca. 6mm
long; exterior bracts linear, puberulent, ca. 3 mm long, bome at the base of the pedicel;
involucral bracts lanceolate, ca. 5 mm long, glabrate, apices somewhat pointed to
rounded, puberulent; corollas white, ca. 4 mm long, tube gradually expanding into and
scarcely distinguishable from the throat, teeth lanceolate, ca. 1.2 mm long. Achenes (im-
mature) ca. 1.8 mm long; pappus bristles 30-35, ca. 4.5 mm long, brownish near the base,
gradually turning whitish and slightly enlarged toward the tips, scabrid.
Distinguishing characteristics of Mikania shushunensis include its paniculate
inflorescence with heads somewhat racemosely disposed, linear exterior bracts
= 2 mm
FIG. 9. Mikania shushunensis Holmes & McDaniel. A, habit; B, head; C, flower; D, leaf.
(After Rimachi '3984 [IBE].)
48 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
borne at the base of the pedicel, and bicolored pappus, the bases brownish, the
tips white. This species is similar to M. iquitosensis. Both species appear to turn
dark brown upon drying. The former has leaves with cuneate bases and a
corolla with tube and throat scarcely distinguishable, while the latter has leaves
with acute to obtuse bases and a campanulate corolla throat easily distinguish-
able from the tube.
LORETO. Maynas. Dtto. Iquitos. Carretera de Pena Negra, ca. 11 km from
Quisto Cocha, on trail to Rio Itaya, sandy uplands, September 30, 1980, Rimachi
5333 (AMAZ, F, FSU, GA, IBE, MO, NATC, NY, RB, TEX, US, USM).
62. Mikania simpsonii Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 37: 473. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, Loreto, Maynas, Dtto. Alto Nanay, trail near Santa Maria de Nanay,
March 4, 1968, Simpson 781 (US, holorype, F, isotype).
Lianas; stems terete, pithy, weakly puberulent, soon glabrate, internodes ca. 6.5 cm
long. Leaves verticillate (3 per node), ovate, to ca. 14 cm long and 6.5 cm wide, margins
entire, apices attenuate, bases acute to obtuse, upper surfaces dark green, glabrous,
pinnately veined, with 2-3 pairs of veins prominent and arching toward the apex, lower
surfaces glabrous, medium green, reticulate-alveolate, with at least the prominent veins
being darkened; petioles ca. 2.5 cm long, thickish. Inflorescence a lax panicle with the
heads ultimately disposed in open spikes; branchlets irregularly angled to terete, pu-
berulent, with linear bracts near the base, 0.5-1.5 cm long. Heads ca. 6.5 mm long, sessile;
exterior bracts lance-ovate, ca. Va the length of the involucre, glabrate, apices acuminate;
involucral bracts oblong, ca. 4 mm long, glabrate, apices rounded, white inside; corollas
ca. 3 mm long, tube ca. 1.5 mm long, throat abruptly expanded, ca. 0.5 mm long, teeth
lanceolate, ca. 1.0 mm long. Achenes ca. 2.5 mm long, glabrous, dark brown, ribs white,
distinctly narrowed toward the apex; pappus bristles 33-35, light cameous, ca. 3.5 mm
long, barbellate, thickened at the tips.
Mikania simpsonii is known from northeastern Peru and adjacent Colombia. It
is the only known Peruvian species of Mikania with whorled leaves.
AMAZONAS. Quebrada Huampani, Rio Cenepa, 700-800 ft, Ancuash 126
(IBE). LORETO. Balsapuerto, 220 m, Klug 2960 (F, GH, MO, US) (paratype of M.
klugii B. L. Robinson). SAN MARTlN. Mariscal Caceres, Tocache Nuevo,
Fundo Gran Chaparral del Sr. Carlos Arevala, 500 m, Schunke V. 8665 (MO).
63. Mikania speciosa DC., Prodr. 5: 196. 1836. TYPE: Peru, Haenke (G-DC,
holorype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 820: 1.6, GH, photo).
Suffruticose lianas; stems terete, glabrate to puberulent, internodes to ca. 16 cm or
more. Leaves broadly ovate, to ca. 15 cm long and 11 cm wide, margins entire, apices
acute, bases rounded, cuneately decurrent upon petiole at insertion, surfaces somewhat
scabrid, pinnately nerved from near the base, prominently reticulate; petioles to ca. 3-4
cm long, scabrid-puberulent. Inflorescence a trichotomous corymb, to ca. 10 cm or more
in diameter, heads disposed in 3's at the tips of the branches; branchlets irregularly terete,
puberulent. Heads 10-12 mm long, sessile; exterior bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm
long, puberulent; involucral bracts oblong, 7-8 mm long, puberulent, glandular, apices
rounded to obtuse; corollas ca. 5 mm long, purplish, tube ca. 3 mm long, throat ca. 0.7mm
long, the teeth oblong, ca. 1.3 mm long. Achenes ca. 3.5 mm long, dark grayish; pappus
bristles ca. 65, carneous (in age), ca. 5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania speciosa occurs to about 2,400 m elevation in Bolivia and Peru.
AMAZONAS. Chachapoyas, Quebrada Molina 5 km below Chachapoyas,
2,200-2,400 m, Wurdack 7770 (F, US). CUZCO. San Miquel, Urubamba Valley,
1,800 m, Cook & Gilbert 947 (US); Villcabamba, hacienda on Rio Chinchao, 6,000
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 49
ft, Macbride 5190 (GH, US). SAN MARTlN. Rio Huallaga Canon, below Santo
Domingo, ca. 4,000 ft, Macbride 4198 (F, GH, US).
64. Mikania stereodes B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 60. 1926. TYPE:
Peru, Cuzco, hacienda on Rio Chinchao, July 17-26, Macbride 5163 (F,
holotype).
Woody twiners; stems terete, multicostate, fulvous, somewhat scabrid, internodes to 20
cm long. Leaves ovate, ca. 10 cm long and 6 cm wide, margins entire, apices acuminate,
bases obtuse, upper surfaces scabrid, pinnately nerved, the major nerves strigose, lower
surfaces puberulent, the major nerves strigose, prominently reticulate, minutely dark
punctate; petioles to 1.5 mm long, strigose. Inflorescence thyrsoid, ca. 25 cm long and 10
cm wide; branchlets terete, strigose; pedicels to ca. 3 mm long, terete, strigose. Heads 8-9
mm long; exterior bracts lanceolate-linear, ca. 2 mm long, pilose, especially toward the
margins; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 4 mm long, outer strigulose, inner glabrate, some-
what dark punctate, apices obtuse to rounded; corollas ca. 5 mm long, green, remotely
pilose, tube ca. 1 mm long, throat subcylindric, ca. 3 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 1 mm
long. Achenes ca. 4 mm long, light olivaceous; pappus bristles ca. 30, white, ca. 4 mm
long, barbellate.
Mikania stereodes, known only from the type, resembles M. psilostachya in
having pinnately veined leaves, scabrid leaf surfaces and subcylindric corollas
with a very short tube. Mikania psilostachya is easily distinguished by its
spikelike to racemose inflorescence, rather than the panicle of M. stereodes.
65. Mikania stuebelii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 333. 1895. TYPE: Colombia,
near El Tambo on Mt. Munchique not far from Popayan, 3,000 m, Stuebel 320
(B, holotype, destroyed).
M. stuebelii var. latifolia Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 577. 1901. TYPE: Colombia,
Cauca, western Popayan Andes, 2,500-2,900 m, Lehmann 5970 (K, holotype, not seen;
F, isotype).
M. meridensis Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 9: 134. 1944. TYPE: Venezuela, Merida,
entre Santa Cruz de Mora y Canagua, Badillo 609a (VEN, holotype, not seen).
M. larensis Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 10: 298. 1946. TYPE: Venezuela, Lara, entre
Santo Domingo y Los Quebraditos, 2,430-2,475 m, February 8, 1944, Steyermark 55380
(VEN, holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
M. stuebelii var. larensis (Badillo) Steyermark, Fieldiana, Bot. 28: 661. 1953.
Climbing vines; stems terete, striate-sulcate, glabrate to puberulent, internodes to 4 cm
long. Leaves lance-ovate, to ca. 7 cm long and 4 cm wide, margins remotely denticulate,
apices acuminate, bases cuneate to obtuse, surfaces glabrous, pinnately 4-5-nerved;
petioles ca. 1 cm long, glabrate. Inflorescence thyrsoid, heads arranged in 3's at the tips of
the branches or more often somewhat spicately in 5's; branchlets puberulent. Heads ca. 9
mm long, sessile; exterior bracts linear, 2-3 mm long; involucral bracts linear-oblong, 5-6
mm long, glabrous, ciliolate, apices somewhat rounded; corollas 4-4.5 mm long, tube ca.
1.5 mm long, throat subcylindric-campanulate, 2.5-3 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.5
mm long. Achenes ca. 4 mm long, dark, puberulent at summit; pappus bristles 40-50,
white, 4-5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania stuebelii is found in northern South America, and is known in Peru
from Amazonas, Cuzco, and Huanuco from 1,500-3,000 m elevation. The in-
florescence of this species is distinctive, a panicle with heads arranged in 3's at
the tips of the branches or more often somewhat spicately disposed with five
heads, three of these being terminal and sessile.
AMAZONAS. Chachapoyas, Cerros Calla Calla, E side, 7.5 km above
Leimebamba on road to Balsas, 2,535 m, Hutchison & Bennett 4635 (F). CUZCO.
Villcabamba, hacienda on Rio Chinchao, 6,000 ft, Macbride 5163 (US).
50 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
HUANUCO. SW slope of Rio Llullapichis watershed on the ascent of Cerros del
Sira, 1,565-1,950 m, Dudley 13322 (US); Sariapampa, Woytkowski 34300 (F, MO).
66. Mikania stygia B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 36. 1926. TYPE:
Bolivia, La Paz, Mapiri, 850 m, Buchtien 1847 (GH, holotype).
Semiwoody climbers; stems terete, glabrate to puberulent, internodes to 17 cm long.
Leaves lanceolate, to ca. 12 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, margins entire, apices caudate-
acuminate, bases acute-obtuse, surfaces glabrous, pinnately nerved; petioles ca. 1.5 cm
long. Inflorescence a corymb, ca. 4 cm long, 4 cm wide, heads in 3's at the tips of the
branches; branchlets puberulent. Heads ca. 10 mm long, sessile; exterior bracts elliptic,
ca. 5 mm long, puberulent; involucral bracts oblong, ca. 8 mm long, puberulent, nerves
prominent, apices rounded; corollas ca. 6 mm long, glabrate, tube gradually expanding
into and indistinguishable from the throat, teeth broadly deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long.
Achenes (immature) ca. 3 mm long; pappus bristles ca. 45, ca. 5 mm long, barbellate. Style
appendages densely hirsute.
The species is known from Peru and Bolivia. Mikania stygia and M. lanceolata
are two species with corymbose inflorescence and sessile ternately disposed
heads with lanceolate leaves. Mikania stygia has heads ca. 10 mm long and
oblong involucral bracts ca. 8 mm long, while M. lanceolata has heads ca. 6 mm
long and spatulate involucral scales ca. 3 mm long.
LORETO. Alto Amazonas, Balsapuerto, lower Rio Huallaga Basin, 150-350 m,
Killip & Smith 28616 (US).
67. Mikania szyszylowiczii Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 475. 1906. TYPE:
Peru, Cajamarca, near Tambillo, Jelski 681 (B, holotype, destroyed, F, photo,
GH, fragm.).
Somewhat woody lianas; stems glabrous, terete, internodes to ca. 14 cm long. Leaves
ovate to somewhat obovate, 4-6 cm long, about 2 as wide, glabrous, pinnately nerved,
bases cuneate, apices rounded, margins entire; petioles 1-2 cm long. Inflorescence
paniculate; ultimate branchlets spicate. Heads 5-7 mm long; exterior bracts elliptic, ca. Vz
the length of the involucre; involucral bracts oblong, irregularly ciliolate toward the
rounded apex, bases slightly gibbous, 3-3.5 mm long; corollas 3-4 mm long, white, tube
1.5-2 mm, throat campanulate-turbinate, 1-1.5 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 0.5 mm
long. Achenes dark brown, ca. 2 mm long; pappus bristles ca. 30, pale yellow, thickened
toward the tips, 3-4 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania szyszylowiczii is known from Peru and Ecuador (Espinoza 663, F). At
present it is the only Peruvian species of Mikania with spicately disposed heads
and with leaves with rounded apices and cuneate bases.
AMAZONAS. Bongara, Jalca zone, 3 km S of Pomacocha, Wurdack 976 (US).
CAJAMARCA. Jaen, Weberbauer 6114 (F, GH). HUANUCO: Carpish, above
Acomayo, Hutchinson, Wright & Straw 5949 (F, MO, US). JUNfN. La Merced,
Soukup 3370 (F). SAN MARTfN. Zepalacio near Moyobamba, King 3412 (F, MO).
68. Mikania tambillensis Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36: 470. 1909. TYPE: Peru,
Cajamarca, near Tambillo, Jelski 762 (B, holotype, destroyed; GH, not seen,
US, isotypes).
Twining or somewhat shrubby lianas; stems glabrous, subterete, internodes to ca. 7 cm
long. Leaves ovate-oblong, to ca. 8 cm long and 4 cm wide, margins entire, apices acumi-
nate, bases pointed to rounded, pinnately 5-nerved; petioles to ca. 2 cm long, smooth.
Inflorescence a dense corymb, somewhat pyramidal, heads arranged in groups of 3's at
the tips of the branches, these groups arranged in groups of 3-5, imparting a somewhat
congested, glomerate look; branchlets angular, puberulent. Heads ca. 8 mm long, sessile;
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU
51
exterior bracts linear, ca. 2 mm long, ciliolate at summit; involucral bracts lance-linear, ca.
5 mm long, apices obtuse; corollas 6-6.5 mm long, tube gradually expanded into a
cylindric-subulate throat, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes immature; pappus
bristles ca. 33, buff, ca. 6 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania tambillensis is known only from the type. Due to the immature nature
of the heads, much of the above description is from Robinson (1922). A very
closely related plant is M. weberbaueri, which differs only in having more at-
tenuate leaves.
69. Mikania ternata (Veil.) B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 39: 198. 1911.
Figure 10.
Cacalia ternata Veil., Fl. Flum. 336. 1825. TYPE: not seen.
Mikania dentata Spreng., Syst. 3: 422. 1826. TYPE: not seen.
M. apiifolia DC, Prodr. 5: 202. 1836. TYPE: Brasil, Sao Paulo (P, holotype, not seen;
G-DC, isotype, not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 823: 1-4).
2 mm
= 2 nun
FIG. 10. Mikania ternata (Veil.) B. L. Robinson. A, habit; B, head; C, flower. (After
Coleman s. n. [IBE].)
52 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
Twining vines; stems terete, glabrate to crisped puberulent, intemodes 4-8 cm long.
Leaves to ca. 8 cm long and 4 cm wide, palmately divided into 3-7 segments, the segments
lanceolate to narrowly elliptic-ovate, the margins entire to somewhat coarsely serrate-
crenate to sometimes 3-lobed, often apiculate to end of major veins, apices acute, surfaces
glabrate to lightly puberulent, segments pinnately veined; petioles 2-6 cm long, glabrous
to puberulent, connected by a prominent incised stipule-like appendage. Inflorescence a
compound corymb, ca. 15 cm long and 6 cm wide; branchlets somewhat angular, crisped
puberulent; pedicels 0.5-1.5 mm long, terete, puberulent. Heads ca. 10 mm long; exterior
bracts lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 5-6 mm long, glabrate, apices acute to attenuate,
borne slightly below head; involucral bracts elliptic to narrowly ovate, ca. 8 mm long,
glabrate, apices acute to attenuate; corollas semicampanulate, ca. 7 mm long, white, tube
ca. 2 mm long, throat ca. 4.25 mm long, teeth obtuse, ca. 0.75 mm long. Achenes 4-5 mm
long, brownish, ribs white; pappus bristles 80-100, white, 5-6 mm long, barbellate.
Side-by-side comparison of the Peruvian material of M. ternata with that of
elsewhere in its range (Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina) revealed no differences
worthy of taxonomic recognition. This species is apparently present as a dis-
junct in Peru. It is readily distinguished from M. filici folia, the other Peruvian
species of Mikania with parted leaves, by its palmately divided leaves, rather
than pinnate, fernlike divisions.
HUANUCO. Tingo Maria, Asplund 12107 (US); Hacienda El Aquila, cerca
Tingo Maria, entre Huanuco y Pucallpa, Ferreyra 4180 (MO, US, USM); Tingo
Maria, carretera Huanuco-Pucallpa, 700 m, Ferreyra 912 (MO, US, USM).
LORETO. Divisoria, entre Tingo Maria y Pucallpa, 1,500-1,600 m, Ferreyra 1011
(MO, US, USM).
70. Mikania trachodes B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 61: 22. 1920. TYPE:
Peru, Huanuco, Huamalies, mountains SW of Monzon, 2,500-2,900 m, July
13, 1903, Weberbauer 3395 (B, holotype, destroyed, GH, photo & fragm.).
Twining shrubs; stems terete, striate-costulate, strigillose-papillose, scabrous, inter-
nodes to 12 cm or more. Leaves broadly ovate, subcoriaceous, to ca. 15 cm long and 8 cm
wide, margins somewhat remotely callous-denticulate, apices acuminate, bases rounded,
upper surfaces appressed tawny-puberulent, pinnately veined, lower surfaces spreading
villous; petioles ca. 1.5 cm long, yellow tomentose, opposite petioles connected by a
transverse ring or fold. Inflorescence a dense panicle, to 40 cm or more wide; branchlets
villous. Heads 7-8 mm long; exterior bracts lanceolate, ca. Vz the length of the involucre,
loosely villous, apices acute, borne at the summit of the pedicel; involucral bracts lanceo-
late to oblong, ca. 4 mm long, villous, apices acute; corollas ca. 3.5 mm long, tube ca. 1.5
mm long, pubescent at the summit, throat campanulate, ca. 1 mm long, teeth lance-ovate,
ca. 1 mm long. Achenes ca. 2 mm long, olivaceous; pappus bristles ca. 40, white, ca. 3.5
mm long, barbellate.
Mikania trachodes is known only from Huanuco above 2,500 m. It is another
species difficult to distinguish from M. banisteriae in characters of corollas,
inflorescence, pubescence, etc. It was separated in Robinson's (1922) key to the
species of Mikania of Peru from M. lanuginosa and M. ruiziana (both = M.
banisteriae) by its very prominent interpetiolar ring or fold connecting opposite
petioles, a condition not characteristic of M. banisteriae. In addition M. trachodes
has a scabrous stem. With only a few fragments and photos available for direct
comparison and study, it appears appropriate to retain M. trachodes as a distinct
species.
HUANUCO. Huanuco: Carpish, above Acomayo, 2,800 m, Hutchison, Wright
& Straw 5962 (F, MO).
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU 53
71. Mikania turbaricola Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 37: 474. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Jalca zone 3-6 km W of Molinopampas,
2,200-2,450 m, July 19, 1962, Wurdack 1399 (US).
Subshrubs to short vines; stems terete to angled, sulcate after drying, internodes to 5
cm long. Leaves ovate, semicoriaceous, to ca. 7 cm long and 4 cm wide, margins entire to
irregularly and coarsely dentate, the teeth remote, apices attenuate, bases truncate to
rounded, upper surfaces glabrous, sparsely glandular-punctate; petioles ca. 1 cm long,
grooved above. Inflorescence paniculate, to ca. 15 cm long and 6 cm wide; branchlets
somewhat angled, crisped puberulent to pilose. Heads ca. 9 mm long; exterior bracts
lance-linear to oblanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm long, borne slightly beneath the head, puberu-
lent; involucral bracts lanceolate to lance-elliptic, ca. 6 mm long, puberulent, ciliolate at
apex, apices acute; corollas ca. 4.5 mm long, white, glandular, tube ca. 1.7 mm long,
throat semicampanulate, 2.2-2.3 mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes (im-
mature) ca. 3 mm long, green, glandular; pappus bristles 28-30, white, ca. 4.5 mm long,
barbellate, thickened at the tips.
Mikania tubaricola is a subshrub or short vine known only from the holotype
collected above 2,000 m in a Sphagnum seepage bog.
72. Mikania vargasii Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 35: 330. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, Cuzco, Quispicanchis, 3,250 m, June 10, 1963, Vargas 14565 (US,
holotype).
Twining lianas; stems costate to sulcate (after drying), glabrous, internodes 6-10 cm
long. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, to ca. 6 cm long and 4 cm wide, margins entire, apices
attenuate, bases cordate, upper surfaces sparsely puberulent, dark green, 5-nerved from
the base, lower surfaces glabrous, dark punctate with globular sessile glands, lighter than
above; petioles to ca. 2 cm long, thin, glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, the ultimate
branchlets spicately disposed, ca. 20 cm long and 10 cm wide; branchlets angular, pilose.
Heads 10-12 mm long, sessile; exterior bracts elliptic, 3-3.5 mm long, glabrate, apices
acute; involucral bracts oblong to obovate, ca. 6 mm long, appressed-puberulent, entire,
apices rounded to obtuse, bases slightly gibbous; corollas semisalverform, lightly glan-
dular, ca. 6 mm long, tube ca. 4 mm long, throat ca. 1 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 1 mm
long. Achenes 4-4.5 mm long, dark brown to black; pappus bristles 80-85, white, 5-6 mm
long, barbellate, gradually narrowed from base to tip.
Mikania vargasii, known only from Cuzco above 2,000 m, is easily recognized
by the large paniculate inflorescence with the spicately disposed heads 10-12
mm long.
CUZCO. Calca, Manfio, K84, 2,000-2,200 m, Vargas 15634 (US).
73. Mikania violaefolia Cuatrecasas, Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 52: 307. 1965.
TYPE: Peru, Amazonas, Chachapoyas, km 416-419 of Leimebamba-Balsa
Road, 2,900-3,100 m, July 9, 1962, Wurdack 1257 (US, holotype; F, isotype).
Twining vines; stems angular to somewhat hexagonal, purplish, glabrous, internodes
to 15 cm long. Leaves triangular to deltoid, to ca. 3 cm long and 3 cm wide, margins
coarsely crenate-dentate, apices acute, bases cordate, upper surfaces somewhat rugose,
palmately 5-7-nerved, lower surfaces glabrate-puberulent, prominently reticulate;
petioles 1.5 cm long, glabrous, connected by a laciniate stipule-like ring. Inflorescence a
corymb, ca. 4 cm in diameter; branchlets angular, glabrous; pedicels to 8 mm long,
glabrate. Heads ca. 10 mm long; exterior bracts lanceolate to oblanceolate, purple tinged,
ca. 5 mm long, glabrate to puberulent, apices acute, borne well beneath the involucre;
involucral bracts lance-oblong, 8-9 mm long, glabrous, purplish, apices acute, base nar-
rowly bulbous; corollas ca. 5.5 mm long, white, tube and throat indistinguishable, teeth
triangular, ca. 1.5 mm long. Achenes ca. 3 mm long; pappus bristles ca. 100, white, ca. 5
mm long, barbellate.
54 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
Mikania violaefolia, known only from Amazonas above 2,900 m, is charac-
terized by its small (usually less than 1.5 cm long) leaves, with coarsely
crenate-dentate margins.
AMAZONAS. Chachapoyas: Cerros Calla Calla, 18km above Leimebamba on
road to Balsas, 3,100 m, Hutchison & Wright 5679 (F, MO, US).
74. Mikania vitifolia DC., Prodr. 5: 202. 1836. TYPE: Brasil, Sao Paulo (P,
holotype, not seen; G-DC, isotype not seen, IDC microfiche 800. 823: 1.2).
Figure 11.
M. gracilis Schultz-Bip. ex Miq., Stirp. Surin. Sel. 187. 1850. TYPE: Surinam, Hostmann
& Kappler 1017 (G, holotype, not seen; F, isotype).
M. punctata Klatt, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belgique 31: 195. 1893. TYPE: Costa Rica, Pittier3434 &
4934, syntypes, BR).
M. boliviensis Lingelsh., Fedde Rep. 7: 251. 1909. TYPE: Bolivia, San Carlos near Mapiri,
September 1907, Buchtien 71 (F, isotype).
M. cryptodonta B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 22. 1924. TYPE: Peru, Pozuzo,
June 20-22, 1923, Macbride 4683 (F, holotype).
M. lechleri Schultz-Bip. ex B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 35. 1926. TYPE: Peru,
Puno, Carabay, St. Govan, August 1854, Lechler 2480 (K, holotype, not seen, GH,
photo & fragm.), including M. lechleri Schultz-Bip., Bonplandia 4: 54. 1856, nomen
nudum.
M. caustolepis B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 77: 49. 1926. TYPE: Peru, Cuzco, Rio
Yanamayo, below Pillahuata, 2,000-2,300 m, May 4-5, 1925, Pennell 14070 (GH,
holotype; F, isotype).
M. vitifolia f. boliviensis (Lingelsh.) B. L. Robinson. Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 54. 1934.
M. vitifolia f. cryptodonta (B. L. Robinson) B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 104: 55.
1934.
M. anzoatiguensis Badillo, Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 10: 301. 1946. TYPE: Venezuela,
Anzoatequi, NE of Bergantin, March 1-2, 1945, Steyermark 61376 (YEN, holotype, not
seen; F, isotype).
Herbaceous to subwoody lianas; stems terete, striate to costate, fistulose in age, pu-
berulent to pilose at nodes, internodes to 25 cm long. Leaves ovate, often with 2 divergent
basal lobes in the lower Va of the leaf, to 20 cm long and 17 cm wide, margins entire,
apices acuminate-attenuate, base obtuse to truncate to subcordate or cordate, surfaces
glabrate to puberulent, usually dark glandular-punctate, palmately or subpinnately 5-7-
nerved from or near the base; petioles to 11 cm long, glabrate to puberulent. Inflorescence
elongated, bracteate, lax to dense panicle to 5 dm or more long; branchlets terete to
angular, puberulent; pedicels 1-2 mm long. Heads 7-9 mm long; exterior bracts lanceo-
late, ca. 2 mm long, puberulent, glandular; involucral bracts oblong, 4.5-5 mm long,
glandular, margins thin, often whitish in color, nerves prominent, apices puberulent,
obtuse; corollas ca. 5 mm long, white, glandular (especially on teeth), tube ca. 3 mm long,
thin, throat ca. 1 mm long, teeth triangular, ca. 1 mm long. Achenes ca. 3.5 mm long,
glandular, greenish-brown; pappus bristles 35-40, thin, ca. 5 mm long, barbellate.
Mikania vitifolia is a widespread (southern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil) and
somewhat polymorphic species with leaf shape varying greatly. Mature cauline
leaves generally have two divergent, pointed basal lobes ca. two-thirds the
distance from the apex. Often this character is not evident, because many
specimens have only bracteal leaves and the inflorescence.
ANCASH. Pampayacu, hacienda at mouth of Rio Chinchao, 3,500 ft, Macbride
5062 (F, GH, US). CUZCO. Convencion: Hacienda Portusco, 1,300 m, Vargas
11677 (F, US), Paucartambo, Hacienda Partria, Marin 1717 (F, US). HUANUCO.
Pozuzo, ca. 2,000 ft, Macbride 4552 (F, GH, US), Rio Huallaga Canon, below
Santo Domingo, Macbride 4219 (F, GH, US). JUNfN. La Merced, Hacienda
MACBRIDE: FLORA OF PERU
55
= 2 mm
4 cm
FIG. 11. Mikania vitifolia DC. A, habit; B, head; C, flower; D, leaf. (After McDaniel &
Rimachi 22029 [IBE].)
Schunke, ca. 4,000 ft, Macbride 5461 (F, GH, US), E of Quimiri Bridge, near La
Merced, 800-1,300 m, Killip & Smith 23835 (F, GH, US), Rio Paucartambo Valley
near Perene Bridge, 700 m, Killip & Smith 25313 (F, GH, US), Sanibeni, 900 m,
Woytkowski 5038 (GH). SAN MARTiN. Valley of San Martin along Rio Shilcayo,
1-4 mi NE of Tarapoto, ca. 1,000 ft, Belshaw 3282 (GH, MO, US), Tarapoto,
Carretera Tarapoto-Yurimaguas, km 12-15, 2,250 ft, McDaniel & Rimachi 22019
(AMAZ, F, IBE, MO, NY, US, USM).
56 FIELDIANA: BOTANY
75. Mikania weberbaueri Hieron., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 11: 389. 1908. TYPE: Peru,
Huamalies, Monzon, 100-1,000 m, July 23, 1903, Weberbauer 3426 (B,
holotype, destroyed, F, GH, photos).
M. rivularis B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 30. 1924. TYPE: Peru, Junfn, La
Merced, 2,000 ft, August 10-24, Macbride 5414 (F, holotype).
Twining shrubs; stems terete, striate-sulcate, glabrous (?), intemodes to 19 cm long.
Leaves ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, to ca. 13 cm long and 5 cm wide, margins
entire, apices long attenuate, bases obtuse to somewhat cuneate, surfaces smooth, sub-
pinnately 3-5-nerved from near the base; petioles to ca. 2 cm long. Inflorescence a panicle
composed of rather dense glomerate corymbs, the corymbs 2-3 cm in diameter. Heads 7-8
mm long, sessile to nearly so; exterior bract lanceolate, ca. 3 mm long; involucral bracts ca.
5 mm long, puberulent, 5-7-nerved, apices acute to obtuse, ciliolate; corollas ca. 6 mm
long tube gradually expanded into the throat, teeth oblong, ca. 0.5 mm long. Achenes ca.
2 mm long; pappus bristles ca. 35-40, white, thickened at tips, obscurely barbellate.
Mikania weberbaueri is known only from Peru. The actual type specimen was
not seen. The description is compiled from that of Robinson (1922) and photos
and sketches of the type. This species is uncomfortably close to M. tambillensis,
but is distinguished from that species, which has acute to abruptly acuminate
leaf apices, by its long attenuate leaf apices.
From available evidence Mikania weberbaueri and M. rivularis cannot be sepa-
rated and are to be considered conspecific.
76. Mikania woytkowskii Holmes & McDaniel, Phytologia 37: 475. 1977. TYPE:
Peru, Loreto, Boqueron Padre Abad, August 20, 1946, Woytkowski 34393 (F,
holotype; MO, isotype).
Herbaceous lianas; stems terete, costate, hollow, glabrous, internodes to 10 cm long.
Leaves elliptic to narrowly ovate, to 7 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, margins entire, apices
acute to acuminate, bases cuneate, upper surfaces glabrous, 3-5-nerved from the base,
veins exserted from lower surfaces, glabrous, veins exserted; petioles to ca. 1 cm long.
Inflorescence paniculate, the ultimate branchlets spicate; branchlets costate, puberulent.
Heads 6-7 mm long; exterior bracts elliptic, ca. Va-Vz the length of the involucre, spar-
ingly puberulent, apices acute, margins slightly ciliolate; involucral bracts elliptic-oblong,
ca. 4.5 mm long, glabrate, 3-5{7)-nerved, apices obtuse; corollas funnelform, 3.5-4 mm
long, white, tube 1.5-2 mm long, throat ca. 1.5 mm long, teeth deltoid, ca. 0.5 mm long.
Achenes ca. 2 mm long, glandular, dark brown (immature); pappus bristles ca. 35, white,
ca. 4 mm long, barbellate, thickened at the tips.
Mikania woytkowskii, known only from the type, is a slender herbaceous,
twining vine. A similar species is M. oreopola, which is distinguished by its
ovate leaves with obtuse bases, prominent, reticulating veins, and elliptic in-
volucral scales to 3 mm long.
1 TUMBES
2 PIURA
3 CAJAMARCA
4 AMA2ONAS
5 LORETO
6 SAN MARTIN
7 LAMBAYEOUE
8 LA LIBERTAD
9 ANCASH
10 HUANUCO
1 1 LIMA
12 PASCO
13 JUNIN
14 HUANCAVELICA
15 ICA
16 AYACUCHO
17 APURIMAC
18 CUZCO
19 MADRE DE DIGS
20 AREQUIPA
21 PUNO
22 MOOUEGUA
23 TACNA
100 200 300
PERU
Provinces
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA
30112028176045
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Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496
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